`,␣``,␣``,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
91s >␣surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
91s >␣block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
91s
91s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
91s here:
91s
91s -␣It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
91s -␣It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
91s -␣It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
91s ␣␣be␣indented.
91s
91s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
91s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
91s
91s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
91s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
91s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
91s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
91s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
91s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
91s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
91s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s *Emphasized*␣text.
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThis␣rule␣differs␣from␣John␣Gruber's␣original␣Markdown␣syntax
91s specification,␣which␣says:
91s
91s The␣only␣restrictions␣are␣that␣block-level␣HTML␣elements␣—
91s e.g.␣<div>,␣<table>,␣<pre>,␣<p>,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
91s surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
91s block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
91s
91s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
91s here:
91s
91s - It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
91s - It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
91s - It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
91s be␣indented.
91s
91s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
91s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
91s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
91s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
91s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
91s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
91s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
91s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
91s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
91s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
91s
91s Test #99
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Compare:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s *Emphasized*␣text.
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mCompare:
91s
91s Test #100
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Some␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
91s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
91s the␣attribute␣`markdown=1`.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
91s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
91s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
91s
91s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
91s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
91s *in␣most␣cases*␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
91s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s
91s |
91s Hi
91s |
91s
91s
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mSome␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
91s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
91s the␣attribute␣markdown=1.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
91s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
91s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
91s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
91s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
91s in␣most␣cases␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
91s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
91s
91s Test #101
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Moreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
91s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣``␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
91s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣`
`␣entities.
91s
91s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
91s
91s ##␣Link␣reference␣definitions
91s
91s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)
91s ␣consists␣of␣a␣[link
91s label](#link-label),␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
91s by␣a␣colon␣(`:`),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
91s newline),␣a␣[link␣destination](#link-destination),␣optional
91s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣[link
91s title](#link-title),␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
91s from␣the␣[link␣destination](#link-destination)␣by␣whitespace.
91s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
91s
91s A␣[link␣reference-definition](#link-reference-definition)
91s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
91s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣[reference␣links](#reference-link)
91s and␣reference-style␣[images](#image)␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
91s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
91s them.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
91s
91s [foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mMoreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
91s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣<pre>␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
91s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣ ␣entities.
91s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
91s Link␣reference␣definitions
91s A␣link␣reference␣definition
91s ␣consists␣of␣a␣link
91s label,␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
91s by␣a␣colon␣(:),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
91s newline),␣a␣link␣destination,␣optional
91s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣link
91s title,␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
91s from␣the␣link␣destination␣by␣whitespace.
91s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
91s A␣link␣reference-definition
91s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
91s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣reference␣links
91s and␣reference-style␣images␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
91s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
91s them.
91s
91s Test #102
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣␣[foo]:␣
91s ␣␣␣␣␣␣/url␣␣
91s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣'the␣title'␣␣
91s
91s [foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #103
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url)␣'title␣(with␣parens)'
91s
91s [Foo*bar\]]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #104
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[Foo␣bar]:
91s
91s 'title'
91s
91s [Foo␣bar]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #105
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s The␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]:
91s /url
91s
91s [foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThe␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
91s
91s Test #106
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s The␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]:
91s
91s [foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThe␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
91s
91s Test #107
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]
91s
91s [foo]:␣url
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mA␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
91s
91s Test #108
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s If␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
91s precedence:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]
91s
91s [foo]:␣first
91s [foo]:␣second
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mIf␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
91s precedence:
91s
91s Test #109
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s As␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
91s case-insensitive␣(see␣[matches](#matches)).
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[FOO]:␣/url
91s
91s [Foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mAs␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
91s case-insensitive␣(see␣matches).
91s
91s Test #110
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[ΑΓΩ]:␣/φου
91s
91s [αγω]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #111
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Here␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
91s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]:␣/url
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mHere␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
91s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
91s
91s Test #112
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
91s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"␣ok
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
91s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
91s
91s Test #113
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
91s four␣spaces:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣␣␣[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
91s
91s [foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
91s four␣spaces:
91s
91s Test #114
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
91s a␣code␣block:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m```
91s [foo]:␣/url
91s ```
91s
91s [foo]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
91s a␣code␣block:
91s
91s Test #115
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)␣cannot
91s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0mFoo
91s [bar]:␣/baz
91s
91s [bar]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mA␣link␣reference␣definition␣cannot
91s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
91s
91s Test #116
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s However,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
91s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m#␣[Foo]
91s [foo]:␣/url
91s >␣bar
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mHowever,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
91s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
91s
91s Test #117
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Several␣[link␣references](#link-reference)␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
91s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]:␣/foo-url␣"foo"
91s [bar]:␣/bar-url
91s ␣␣"bar"
91s [baz]:␣/baz-url
91s
91s [foo],
91s [bar],
91s [baz]
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mSeveral␣link␣references␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
91s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
91s
91s Test #118
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [Link␣reference␣definitions](#link-reference-definition)␣can␣occur
91s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
91s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
91s are␣defined:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[foo]
91s
91s >␣[foo]:␣/url
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mLink␣reference␣definitions␣can␣occur
91s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
91s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
91s are␣defined:
91s
91s Test #119
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s ##␣Paragraphs
91s
91s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
91s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣[paragraph](#paragraph).
91s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
91s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
91s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
91s spaces.
91s
91s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0maaa
91s
91s bbb
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mParagraphs
91s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
91s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣paragraph.
91s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
91s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
91s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
91s spaces.
91s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
91s
91s Test #120
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Paragraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0maaa
91s bbb
91s
91s ccc
91s ddd
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mParagraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
91s
91s Test #121
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Multiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0maaa
91s
91s
91s bbb
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mMultiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
91s
91s Test #122
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Leading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣aaa
91s ␣bbb
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mLeading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
91s
91s Test #123
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Lines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
91s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0maaa
91s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣bbb
91s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ccc
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mLines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
91s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
91s
91s Test #124
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s However,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
91s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣␣aaa
91s bbb
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mHowever,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
91s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
91s
91s Test #125
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣␣␣aaa
91s bbb
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #126
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Final␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
91s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
91s break:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0maaa␣␣␣␣␣
91s bbb␣␣␣␣␣
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mFinal␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
91s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
91s break:
91s
91s Test #127
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s ##␣Blank␣lines
91s
91s [Blank␣lines](#blank-line)␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
91s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣[list](#list)
91s is␣[tight](#tight)␣or␣[loose](#loose).
91s
91s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣
91s
91s aaa
91s ␣␣
91s
91s #␣aaa
91s
91s ␣␣
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mBlank␣lines
91s Blank␣lines␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
91s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣list
91s is␣tight␣or␣loose.
91s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
91s
91s Test #128
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s #␣Container␣blocks
91s
91s A␣[container␣block](#container-block)␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
91s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
91s [block␣quotes](#block-quote)␣and␣[list␣items](#list-item).
91s [Lists](#list)␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣[list␣items](#list-item).
91s
91s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
91s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
91s
91s >␣If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
91s >␣transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
91s >␣with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
91s
91s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
91s how␣these␣can␣be␣*generated*␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
91s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣*parsing*
91s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
91s [A␣parsing␣strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
91s
91s ##␣Block␣quotes
91s
91s A␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣
91s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣`>`␣together
91s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣`>`␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
91s
91s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[block␣quotes](#block-quote):
91s
91s
91s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence
91s ␣␣␣␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣[block␣quote
91s ␣␣␣␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣*Ls*
91s ␣␣␣␣is␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote)␣containing␣*Bs*.
91s
91s 2.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[block
91s ␣␣␣␣quote](#block-quote)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
91s ␣␣␣␣the␣initial␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣from␣one␣or
91s ␣␣␣␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣[block
91s ␣␣␣␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣is␣[paragraph␣continuation
91s ␣␣␣␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣*Bs*␣as
91s ␣␣␣␣its␣content.␣␣
91s ␣␣␣␣[Paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣text
91s ␣␣␣␣that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
91s ␣␣␣␣not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
91s
91s 3.␣␣**Consecutiveness.**␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣[block
91s ␣␣␣␣quotes](#block-quote)␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣[blank
91s ␣␣␣␣line](#blank-line)␣between␣them.
91s
91s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote).
91s
91s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣#␣Foo
91s >␣bar
91s >␣baz
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mContainer␣blocks
91s A␣container␣block␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
91s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
91s block␣quotes␣and␣list␣items.
91s Lists␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣list␣items.
91s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
91s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
91s
91s If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
91s transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
91s with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
91s
91s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
91s how␣these␣can␣be␣generated␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
91s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣parsing
91s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
91s A␣parsing␣strategy.)
91s Block␣quotes
91s A␣block␣quote␣marker␣
91s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣>␣together
91s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣>␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
91s The␣following␣rules␣define␣block␣quotes:
91s
91s
91s Basic␣case.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣sequence
91s of␣blocks␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣block␣quote
91s marker␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣Ls
91s is␣a␣block␣quote␣containing␣Bs.
Laziness.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣block
91s quote␣with␣contents␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
91s the␣initial␣block␣quote␣marker␣from␣one␣or
91s more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣block
91s quote␣marker␣is␣paragraph␣continuation
91s text␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣Bs␣as
91s its␣content.␣␣
91s Paragraph␣continuation␣text␣is␣text
91s that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
91s not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
Consecutiveness.␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣block
91s quotes␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣blank
91s line␣between␣them.
91s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote.
91s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
91s
91s Test #129
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>#␣Foo
91s >bar
91s >␣baz
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThe␣spaces␣after␣the␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
91s
91s Test #130
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s The␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
91s ␣␣␣>␣bar
91s ␣>␣baz
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThe␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
91s
91s Test #131
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Four␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m␣␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
91s ␣␣␣␣>␣bar
91s ␣␣␣␣>␣baz
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mFour␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
91s
91s Test #132
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s The␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣`>`␣before␣a
91s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣#␣Foo
91s >␣bar
91s baz
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mThe␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣>␣before␣a
91s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
91s
91s Test #133
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
91s continuation␣lines:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣bar
91s baz
91s >␣foo
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
91s continuation␣lines:
91s
91s Test #134
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s Laziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
91s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
91s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣foo
91s ---
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mLaziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
91s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
91s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
91s
91s Test #135
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣-␣foo
91s -␣bar
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #136
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣␣␣␣␣foo
91s ␣␣␣␣bar
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #137
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m>␣```
91s foo
91s ```
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s Test #138
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m[93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
91s
91s Test #139
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s Test #140
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣block␣quote␣can␣have␣initial␣or␣final␣blank␣lines:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s Test #141
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣blank␣line␣always␣separates␣block␣quotes:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s Test #142
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s bar
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s (Most␣current␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣John␣Gruber's
91s original␣`Markdown.pl`,␣will␣parse␣this␣example␣as␣a␣single␣block␣quote
91s with␣two␣paragraphs.␣␣But␣it␣seems␣better␣to␣allow␣the␣author␣to␣decide
91s whether␣two␣block␣quotes␣or␣one␣are␣wanted.)
91s
91s Consecutiveness␣means␣that␣if␣we␣put␣these␣block␣quotes␣together,
91s we␣get␣a␣single␣block␣quote:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s bar
91s
91s
91s Test #143
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s To␣get␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣two␣paragraphs,␣use:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s Test #144
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Block␣quotes␣can␣interrupt␣paragraphs:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s Test #145
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0mfoo
91s
91s bar
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s In␣general,␣blank␣lines␣are␣not␣needed␣before␣or␣after␣block
91s quotes:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mfoo
91s
91s bar
91s
91s
91s Test #146
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s aaa
91s
91s
91s
91s bbb
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s However,␣because␣of␣laziness,␣a␣blank␣line␣is␣needed␣between
91s a␣block␣quote␣and␣a␣following␣paragraph:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s aaa
91s
91s
91s
91s bbb
91s
91s
91s Test #147
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s bar
91s baz
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s bar
91s baz
91s
91s
91s Test #148
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s bar
91s
91s baz
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s bar
91s
91s baz
91s
91s Test #149
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s bar
91s
91s baz
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s It␣is␣a␣consequence␣of␣the␣Laziness␣rule␣that␣any␣number
91s of␣initial␣`>`s␣may␣be␣omitted␣on␣a␣continuation␣line␣of␣a
91s nested␣block␣quote:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s bar
91s
91s baz
91s
91s Test #150
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #151
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s foo
91s bar
91s baz
91s
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s When␣including␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣in␣a␣block␣quote,
91s remember␣that␣the␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣includes
91s both␣the␣`>`␣and␣a␣following␣space.␣␣So␣*five␣spaces*␣are␣needed␣after
91s the␣`>`:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s foo
91s bar
91s baz
91s
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #152
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s code
91s
91s
91s
91s not␣code
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s ##␣List␣items
91s
91s A␣[list␣marker](#list-marker)␣␣is␣a
91s [bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣or␣an␣[ordered␣list
91s marker](#ordered-list-marker).
91s
91s A␣[bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣
91s is␣a␣`-`,␣`+`,␣or␣`*`␣character.
91s
91s An␣[ordered␣list␣marker](#ordered-list-marker)␣
91s is␣a␣sequence␣of␣one␣of␣more␣digits␣(`0-9`),␣followed␣by␣either␣a
91s `.`␣character␣or␣a␣`)`␣character.
91s
91s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[list␣items](#list-item):
91s
91s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of
91s ␣␣␣␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣a␣non-space␣character␣and␣not␣separated
91s ␣␣␣␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list
91s ␣␣␣␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by␣0␣<␣*N*␣<␣5␣spaces,␣then␣the␣result
91s ␣␣␣␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following␣spaces␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of
91s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣N*␣spaces,␣is␣a
91s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the␣list␣item
91s ␣␣␣␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list␣marker.
91s ␣␣␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a␣start
91s ␣␣␣␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
91s
91s For␣example,␣let␣*Ls*␣be␣the␣lines
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s code
91s
91s
91s
91s not␣code
91s
91s
91s Test #153
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0mA␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s And␣let␣*M*␣be␣the␣marker␣`1.`,␣and␣*N*␣=␣2.␣␣Then␣rule␣#1␣says
91s that␣the␣following␣is␣an␣ordered␣list␣item␣with␣start␣number␣1,
91s and␣the␣same␣contents␣as␣*Ls*:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mA␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s Test #154
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s The␣most␣important␣thing␣to␣notice␣is␣that␣the␣position␣of
91s the␣text␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determines␣how␣much␣indentation
91s is␣needed␣in␣subsequent␣blocks␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣␣If␣the␣list
91s marker␣takes␣up␣two␣spaces,␣and␣there␣are␣three␣spaces␣between
91s the␣list␣marker␣and␣the␣next␣nonspace␣character,␣then␣blocks
91s must␣be␣indented␣five␣spaces␣in␣order␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
91s item.
91s
91s Here␣are␣some␣examples␣showing␣how␣far␣content␣must␣be␣indented␣to␣be
91s put␣under␣the␣list␣item:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s Test #155
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s two
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s two
91s
91s Test #156
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #157
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s ␣two
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s ␣two
91s
91s
91s Test #158
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s It␣is␣tempting␣to␣think␣of␣this␣in␣terms␣of␣columns:␣␣the␣continuation
91s blocks␣must␣be␣indented␣at␣least␣to␣the␣column␣of␣the␣first␣nonspace
91s character␣after␣the␣list␣marker.␣␣However,␣that␣is␣not␣quite␣right.
91s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determine␣how␣much␣relative␣indentation
91s is␣needed.␣␣Which␣column␣this␣indentation␣reaches␣will␣depend␣on
91s how␣the␣list␣item␣is␣embedded␣in␣other␣constructions,␣as␣shown␣by
91s this␣example:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #159
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s one
91s two
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Here␣`two`␣occurs␣in␣the␣same␣column␣as␣the␣list␣marker␣`1.`,
91s but␣is␣actually␣contained␣in␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣there␣is
91s sufficent␣indentation␣after␣the␣last␣containing␣blockquote␣marker.
91s
91s The␣converse␣is␣also␣possible.␣␣In␣the␣following␣example,␣the␣word␣`two`
91s occurs␣far␣to␣the␣right␣of␣the␣initial␣text␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣`one`,␣but
91s it␣is␣not␣considered␣part␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣it␣is␣not␣indented
91s far␣enough␣past␣the␣blockquote␣marker:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s one
91s two
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #160
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s two
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣list␣item␣may␣not␣contain␣blocks␣that␣are␣separated␣by␣more␣than
91s one␣blank␣line.␣␣Thus,␣two␣blank␣lines␣will␣end␣a␣list,␣unless␣the
91s two␣blanks␣are␣contained␣in␣a␣[fenced␣code␣block](#fenced-code-block).
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s two
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #161
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
foo
91s bar
91s
91s foo
91s
91s
91s bar
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣list␣item␣may␣contain␣any␣kind␣of␣block:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s Test #162
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s baz
91s
91s bam
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s 2.␣␣**Item␣starting␣with␣indented␣code.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*
91s ␣␣␣␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣an␣indented␣code
91s ␣␣␣␣block␣and␣not␣separated␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,
91s ␣␣␣␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by
91s ␣␣␣␣one␣space,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following
91s ␣␣␣␣space␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of
91s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣1*␣spaces,␣is␣a␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.
91s ␣␣␣␣If␣a␣line␣is␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the
91s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list
91s ␣␣␣␣marker.␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a
91s ␣␣␣␣start␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
91s
91s An␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣have␣to␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces␣beyond
91s the␣edge␣of␣the␣region␣where␣text␣will␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
91s In␣the␣following␣case␣that␣is␣6␣spaces:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s baz
91s
91s bam
91s
91s
91s Test #163
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s And␣in␣this␣case␣it␣is␣11␣spaces:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #164
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s If␣the␣*first*␣block␣in␣the␣list␣item␣is␣an␣indented␣code␣block,
91s then␣by␣rule␣#2,␣the␣contents␣must␣be␣indented␣*one*␣space␣after␣the
91s list␣marker:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s bar
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #165
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0mindented␣code
91s
91s paragraph
91s more␣code
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mindented␣code
91s
91s paragraph
91s more␣code
91s
91s
91s Test #166
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s indented␣code
91s
91s paragraph
91s more␣code
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Note␣that␣an␣additional␣space␣indent␣is␣interpreted␣as␣space
91s inside␣the␣code␣block:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s indented␣code
91s
91s paragraph
91s more␣code
91s
91s
91s Test #167
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s ␣indented␣code
91s
91s paragraph
91s more␣code
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Note␣that␣rules␣#1␣and␣#2␣only␣apply␣to␣two␣cases:␣␣(a)␣cases
91s in␣which␣the␣lines␣to␣be␣included␣in␣a␣list␣item␣begin␣with␣a␣nonspace
91s character,␣and␣(b)␣cases␣in␣which␣they␣begin␣with␣an␣indented␣code
91s block.␣␣In␣a␣case␣like␣the␣following,␣where␣the␣first␣block␣begins␣with
91s a␣three-space␣indent,␣the␣rules␣do␣not␣allow␣us␣to␣form␣a␣list␣item␣by
91s indenting␣the␣whole␣thing␣and␣prepending␣a␣list␣marker:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s ␣indented␣code
91s
91s paragraph
91s more␣code
91s
91s
91s Test #168
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0mfoo
91s bar
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0mfoo
91s bar
91s
91s Test #169
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s bar
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s This␣is␣not␣a␣significant␣restriction,␣because␣when␣a␣block␣begins
91s with␣1-3␣spaces␣indent,␣the␣indentation␣can␣always␣be␣removed␣without
91s a␣change␣in␣interpretation,␣allowing␣rule␣#1␣to␣be␣applied.␣␣So,␣in
91s the␣above␣case:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s bar
91s
91s Test #170
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s 3.␣␣**Indentation.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitutes␣a␣list␣item
91s ␣␣␣␣according␣to␣rule␣#1␣or␣#2,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣indenting␣each␣line
91s ␣␣␣␣of␣*L*␣by␣1-3␣spaces␣(the␣same␣for␣each␣line)␣also␣constitutes␣a
91s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.␣␣If␣a␣line␣is
91s ␣␣␣␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.
91s
91s Indented␣one␣space:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #171
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Indented␣two␣spaces:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s Test #172
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Indented␣three␣spaces:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s Test #173
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Four␣spaces␣indent␣gives␣a␣code␣block:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s Test #174
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
91s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
91s
91s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣indented␣code
91s
91s ␣␣␣␣>␣A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s 4.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[list
91s ␣␣␣␣item](#list-item)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
91s ␣␣␣␣some␣or␣all␣of␣the␣indentation␣from␣one␣or␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the
91s ␣␣␣␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣indentation␣is
91s ␣␣␣␣[paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a
91s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.
91s
91s Here␣is␣an␣example␣with␣lazy␣continuation␣lines:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
91s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
91s ␣␣␣␣indented␣code
91s
91s >␣A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #175
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Indentation␣can␣be␣partially␣deleted:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s indented␣code
91s
91s
91s A␣block␣quote.
91s
91s
91s Test #176
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s - A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s These␣examples␣show␣how␣laziness␣can␣work␣in␣nested␣structures:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s - A␣paragraph
91s with␣two␣lines.
91s
91s
91s Test #177
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s Blockquote
91s continued␣here.
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s Blockquote
91s continued␣here.
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #178
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s Blockquote
91s continued␣here.
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s 5.␣␣**That's␣all.**␣Nothing␣that␣is␣not␣counted␣as␣a␣list␣item␣by␣rules
91s ␣␣␣␣#1--4␣counts␣as␣a␣[list␣item](#list-item).
91s
91s The␣rules␣for␣sublists␣follow␣from␣the␣general␣rules␣above.␣␣A␣sublist
91s must␣be␣indented␣the␣same␣number␣of␣spaces␣a␣paragraph␣would␣need␣to␣be
91s in␣order␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
91s
91s So,␣in␣this␣case␣we␣need␣two␣spaces␣indent:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s Blockquote
91s continued␣here.
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #179
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s One␣is␣not␣enough:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #180
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s - foo
91s - bar
91s - baz
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Here␣we␣need␣four,␣because␣the␣list␣marker␣is␣wider:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s - foo
91s - bar
91s - baz
91s
91s
91s Test #181
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s Three␣is␣not␣enough:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #182
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣list␣may␣be␣the␣first␣block␣in␣a␣list␣item:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s foo
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #183
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #184
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s A␣list␣item␣may␣be␣empty:
91s
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s
91s
91s
91s Test #185
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s Test #186
91s [91mcross[0m
91s [93m=== markdown ===============
91s [0m
91s [93m
91s === expected ===============
91s [0m
91s ###␣Motivation
91s
91s John␣Gruber's␣Markdown␣spec␣says␣the␣following␣about␣list␣items:
91s
91s 1.␣"List␣markers␣typically␣start␣at␣the␣left␣margin,␣but␣may␣be␣indented
91s ␣␣␣by␣up␣to␣three␣spaces.␣List␣markers␣must␣be␣followed␣by␣one␣or␣more
91s ␣␣␣spaces␣or␣a␣tab."
91s
91s 2.␣"To␣make␣lists␣look␣nice,␣you␣can␣wrap␣items␣with␣hanging␣indents....
91s ␣␣␣But␣if␣you␣don't␣want␣to,␣you␣don't␣have␣to."
91s
91s 3.␣"List␣items␣may␣consist␣of␣multiple␣paragraphs.␣Each␣subsequent
91s ␣␣␣paragraph␣in␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented␣by␣either␣4␣spaces␣or␣one
91s ␣␣␣tab."
91s
91s 4.␣"It␣looks␣nice␣if␣you␣indent␣every␣line␣of␣the␣subsequent␣paragraphs,
91s ␣␣␣but␣here␣again,␣Markdown␣will␣allow␣you␣to␣be␣lazy."
91s
91s 5.␣"To␣put␣a␣blockquote␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣blockquote's␣`>`
91s ␣␣␣delimiters␣need␣to␣be␣indented."
91s
91s 6.␣"To␣put␣a␣code␣block␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣code␣block␣needs␣to␣be
91s ␣␣␣indented␣twice␣—␣8␣spaces␣or␣two␣tabs."
91s
91s These␣rules␣specify␣that␣a␣paragraph␣under␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented
91s four␣spaces␣(presumably,␣from␣the␣left␣margin,␣rather␣than␣the␣start␣of
91s the␣list␣marker,␣but␣this␣is␣not␣said),␣and␣that␣code␣under␣a␣list␣item
91s must␣be␣indented␣eight␣spaces␣instead␣of␣the␣usual␣four.␣␣They␣also␣say
91s that␣a␣block␣quote␣must␣be␣indented,␣but␣not␣by␣how␣much;␣however,␣the
91s example␣given␣has␣four␣spaces␣indentation.␣␣Although␣nothing␣is␣said
91s about␣other␣kinds␣of␣block-level␣content,␣it␣is␣certainly␣reasonable␣to
91s infer␣that␣*all*␣block␣elements␣under␣a␣list␣item,␣including␣other
91s lists,␣must␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces.␣␣This␣principle␣has␣been␣called␣the
91s *four-space␣rule*.
91s
91s The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣and␣principled,␣and␣if␣the␣reference
91s implementation␣`Markdown.pl`␣had␣followed␣it,␣it␣probably␣would␣have
91s become␣the␣standard.␣␣However,␣`Markdown.pl`␣allowed␣paragraphs␣and
91s sublists␣to␣start␣with␣only␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣at␣least␣on␣the
91s outer␣level.␣␣Worse,␣its␣behavior␣was␣inconsistent:␣a␣sublist␣of␣an
91s outer-level␣list␣needed␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣but␣a␣sublist␣of␣this
91s sublist␣needed␣three␣spaces.␣␣It␣is␣not␣surprising,␣then,␣that␣different
91s implementations␣of␣Markdown␣have␣developed␣very␣different␣rules␣for
91s determining␣what␣comes␣under␣a␣list␣item.␣␣(Pandoc␣and␣python-Markdown,
91s for␣example,␣stuck␣with␣Gruber's␣syntax␣description␣and␣the␣four-space
91s rule,␣while␣discount,␣redcarpet,␣marked,␣PHP␣Markdown,␣and␣others
91s followed␣`Markdown.pl`'s␣behavior␣more␣closely.)
91s
91s Unfortunately,␣given␣the␣divergences␣between␣implementations,␣there
91s is␣no␣way␣to␣give␣a␣spec␣for␣list␣items␣that␣will␣be␣guaranteed␣not
91s to␣break␣any␣existing␣documents.␣␣However,␣the␣spec␣given␣here␣should
91s correctly␣handle␣lists␣formatted␣with␣either␣the␣four-space␣rule␣or
91s the␣more␣forgiving␣`Markdown.pl`␣behavior,␣provided␣they␣are␣laid␣out
91s in␣a␣way␣that␣is␣natural␣for␣a␣human␣to␣read.
91s
91s The␣strategy␣here␣is␣to␣let␣the␣width␣and␣indentation␣of␣the␣list␣marker
91s determine␣the␣indentation␣necessary␣for␣blocks␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
91s item,␣rather␣than␣having␣a␣fixed␣and␣arbitrary␣number.␣␣The␣writer␣can
91s think␣of␣the␣body␣of␣the␣list␣item␣as␣a␣unit␣which␣gets␣indented␣to␣the
91s right␣enough␣to␣fit␣the␣list␣marker␣(and␣any␣indentation␣on␣the␣list
91s marker).␣␣(The␣laziness␣rule,␣#4,␣then␣allows␣continuation␣lines␣to␣be
91s unindented␣if␣needed.)
91s
91s This␣rule␣is␣superior,␣we␣claim,␣to␣any␣rule␣requiring␣a␣fixed␣level␣of
91s indentation␣from␣the␣margin.␣␣The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣but
91s unnatural.␣It␣is␣quite␣unintuitive␣that
91s
91s ```␣markdown
91s -␣foo
91s
91s ␣␣bar
91s
91s ␣␣-␣baz
91s ```
91s
91s should␣be␣parsed␣as␣two␣lists␣with␣an␣intervening␣paragraph,
91s
91s ```␣html
91s
91s bar
91s
91s ```
91s
91s as␣the␣four-space␣rule␣demands,␣rather␣than␣a␣single␣list,
91s
91s ```␣html
91s
91s ```
91s
91s The␣choice␣of␣four␣spaces␣is␣arbitrary.␣␣It␣can␣be␣learned,␣but␣it␣is
91s not␣likely␣to␣be␣guessed,␣and␣it␣trips␣up␣beginners␣regularly.
91s
91s Would␣it␣help␣to␣adopt␣a␣two-space␣rule?␣␣The␣problem␣is␣that␣such
91s a␣rule,␣together␣with␣the␣rule␣allowing␣1--3␣spaces␣indentation␣of␣the
91s initial␣list␣marker,␣allows␣text␣that␣is␣indented␣*less␣than*␣the
91s original␣list␣marker␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣For␣example,
91s `Markdown.pl`␣parses
91s
91s ```␣markdown
91s ␣␣␣-␣one
91s
91s ␣␣two
91s ```
91s
91s as␣a␣single␣list␣item,␣with␣`two`␣a␣continuation␣paragraph:
91s
91s ```␣html
91s
91s ```
91s
91s and␣similarly
91s
91s ```␣markdown
91s >␣␣␣-␣one
91s [93m
91s === got ====================
91s [0m
91s
91s [95m[Lists][0m
91s Test #187
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #188
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #189
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #190
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #191
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #192
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #193
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #194
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #195
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #196
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #197
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #198
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #199
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #200
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #201
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #202
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #203
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #204
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #205
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #206
91s [92mtick[0m
91s [95m[Inlines][0m
91s Test #207
91s [92mtick[0m
91s [95m[Backslash escapes][0m
91s Test #208
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #209
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #210
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #211
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #212
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #213
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #214
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #215
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #216
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #217
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #218
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #219
91s [92mtick[0m
91s Test #220
91s [92mtick[0m
91s [95m[Entities][0m
91s Test #221
91s [92mtick[0m
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91s 349 tests passed, 95 failed
91s runtime: 0.040982049s
91s autopkgtest [17:02:05]: test command1: -----------------------]
92s autopkgtest [17:02:06]: test command1: - - - - - - - - - - results - - - - - - - - - -
92s command1 PASS
92s autopkgtest [17:02:06]: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ summary
92s command1 PASS