`,␣``,␣``,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
71s >␣surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
71s >␣block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
71s
71s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
71s here:
71s
71s -␣It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
71s -␣It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
71s -␣It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
71s ␣␣be␣indented.
71s
71s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
71s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
71s
71s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
71s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
71s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
71s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
71s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
71s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
71s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
71s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s *Emphasized*␣text.
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThis␣rule␣differs␣from␣John␣Gruber's␣original␣Markdown␣syntax
71s specification,␣which␣says:
71s
71s The␣only␣restrictions␣are␣that␣block-level␣HTML␣elements␣—
71s e.g.␣<div>,␣<table>,␣<pre>,␣<p>,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
71s surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
71s block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
71s
71s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
71s here:
71s
71s - It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
71s - It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
71s - It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
71s be␣indented.
71s
71s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
71s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
71s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
71s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
71s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
71s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
71s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
71s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
71s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
71s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
71s
71s Test #99
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Compare:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s *Emphasized*␣text.
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mCompare:
71s
71s Test #100
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Some␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
71s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
71s the␣attribute␣`markdown=1`.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
71s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
71s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
71s
71s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
71s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
71s *in␣most␣cases*␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
71s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s
71s |
71s Hi
71s |
71s
71s
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mSome␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
71s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
71s the␣attribute␣markdown=1.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
71s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
71s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
71s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
71s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
71s in␣most␣cases␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
71s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
71s
71s Test #101
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Moreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
71s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣``␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
71s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣`
`␣entities.
71s
71s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
71s
71s ##␣Link␣reference␣definitions
71s
71s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)
71s ␣consists␣of␣a␣[link
71s label](#link-label),␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
71s by␣a␣colon␣(`:`),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
71s newline),␣a␣[link␣destination](#link-destination),␣optional
71s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣[link
71s title](#link-title),␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
71s from␣the␣[link␣destination](#link-destination)␣by␣whitespace.
71s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
71s
71s A␣[link␣reference-definition](#link-reference-definition)
71s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
71s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣[reference␣links](#reference-link)
71s and␣reference-style␣[images](#image)␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
71s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
71s them.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
71s
71s [foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mMoreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
71s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣<pre>␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
71s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣ ␣entities.
71s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
71s Link␣reference␣definitions
71s A␣link␣reference␣definition
71s ␣consists␣of␣a␣link
71s label,␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
71s by␣a␣colon␣(:),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
71s newline),␣a␣link␣destination,␣optional
71s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣link
71s title,␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
71s from␣the␣link␣destination␣by␣whitespace.
71s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
71s A␣link␣reference-definition
71s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
71s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣reference␣links
71s and␣reference-style␣images␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
71s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
71s them.
71s
71s Test #102
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣␣[foo]:␣
71s ␣␣␣␣␣␣/url␣␣
71s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣'the␣title'␣␣
71s
71s [foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #103
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url)␣'title␣(with␣parens)'
71s
71s [Foo*bar\]]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #104
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[Foo␣bar]:
71s
71s 'title'
71s
71s [Foo␣bar]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #105
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s The␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]:
71s /url
71s
71s [foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThe␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
71s
71s Test #106
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s The␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]:
71s
71s [foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThe␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
71s
71s Test #107
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]
71s
71s [foo]:␣url
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mA␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
71s
71s Test #108
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s If␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
71s precedence:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]
71s
71s [foo]:␣first
71s [foo]:␣second
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mIf␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
71s precedence:
71s
71s Test #109
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s As␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
71s case-insensitive␣(see␣[matches](#matches)).
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[FOO]:␣/url
71s
71s [Foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mAs␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
71s case-insensitive␣(see␣matches).
71s
71s Test #110
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[ΑΓΩ]:␣/φου
71s
71s [αγω]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #111
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Here␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
71s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]:␣/url
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mHere␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
71s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
71s
71s Test #112
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
71s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"␣ok
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
71s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
71s
71s Test #113
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
71s four␣spaces:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣␣␣[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
71s
71s [foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
71s four␣spaces:
71s
71s Test #114
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
71s a␣code␣block:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m```
71s [foo]:␣/url
71s ```
71s
71s [foo]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
71s a␣code␣block:
71s
71s Test #115
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)␣cannot
71s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0mFoo
71s [bar]:␣/baz
71s
71s [bar]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mA␣link␣reference␣definition␣cannot
71s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
71s
71s Test #116
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s However,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
71s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m#␣[Foo]
71s [foo]:␣/url
71s >␣bar
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mHowever,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
71s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
71s
71s Test #117
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Several␣[link␣references](#link-reference)␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
71s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]:␣/foo-url␣"foo"
71s [bar]:␣/bar-url
71s ␣␣"bar"
71s [baz]:␣/baz-url
71s
71s [foo],
71s [bar],
71s [baz]
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mSeveral␣link␣references␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
71s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
71s
71s Test #118
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [Link␣reference␣definitions](#link-reference-definition)␣can␣occur
71s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
71s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
71s are␣defined:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[foo]
71s
71s >␣[foo]:␣/url
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mLink␣reference␣definitions␣can␣occur
71s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
71s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
71s are␣defined:
71s
71s Test #119
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s ##␣Paragraphs
71s
71s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
71s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣[paragraph](#paragraph).
71s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
71s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
71s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
71s spaces.
71s
71s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0maaa
71s
71s bbb
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mParagraphs
71s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
71s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣paragraph.
71s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
71s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
71s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
71s spaces.
71s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
71s
71s Test #120
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Paragraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0maaa
71s bbb
71s
71s ccc
71s ddd
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mParagraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
71s
71s Test #121
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Multiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0maaa
71s
71s
71s bbb
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mMultiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
71s
71s Test #122
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Leading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣aaa
71s ␣bbb
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mLeading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
71s
71s Test #123
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Lines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
71s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0maaa
71s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣bbb
71s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ccc
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mLines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
71s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
71s
71s Test #124
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s However,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
71s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣␣aaa
71s bbb
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mHowever,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
71s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
71s
71s Test #125
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣␣␣aaa
71s bbb
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #126
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Final␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
71s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
71s break:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0maaa␣␣␣␣␣
71s bbb␣␣␣␣␣
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mFinal␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
71s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
71s break:
71s
71s Test #127
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s ##␣Blank␣lines
71s
71s [Blank␣lines](#blank-line)␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
71s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣[list](#list)
71s is␣[tight](#tight)␣or␣[loose](#loose).
71s
71s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣
71s
71s aaa
71s ␣␣
71s
71s #␣aaa
71s
71s ␣␣
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mBlank␣lines
71s Blank␣lines␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
71s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣list
71s is␣tight␣or␣loose.
71s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
71s
71s Test #128
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s #␣Container␣blocks
71s
71s A␣[container␣block](#container-block)␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
71s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
71s [block␣quotes](#block-quote)␣and␣[list␣items](#list-item).
71s [Lists](#list)␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣[list␣items](#list-item).
71s
71s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
71s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
71s
71s >␣If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
71s >␣transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
71s >␣with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
71s
71s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
71s how␣these␣can␣be␣*generated*␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
71s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣*parsing*
71s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
71s [A␣parsing␣strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
71s
71s ##␣Block␣quotes
71s
71s A␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣
71s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣`>`␣together
71s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣`>`␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
71s
71s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[block␣quotes](#block-quote):
71s
71s
71s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence
71s ␣␣␣␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣[block␣quote
71s ␣␣␣␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣*Ls*
71s ␣␣␣␣is␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote)␣containing␣*Bs*.
71s
71s 2.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[block
71s ␣␣␣␣quote](#block-quote)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
71s ␣␣␣␣the␣initial␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣from␣one␣or
71s ␣␣␣␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣[block
71s ␣␣␣␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣is␣[paragraph␣continuation
71s ␣␣␣␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣*Bs*␣as
71s ␣␣␣␣its␣content.␣␣
71s ␣␣␣␣[Paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣text
71s ␣␣␣␣that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
71s ␣␣␣␣not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
71s
71s 3.␣␣**Consecutiveness.**␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣[block
71s ␣␣␣␣quotes](#block-quote)␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣[blank
71s ␣␣␣␣line](#blank-line)␣between␣them.
71s
71s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote).
71s
71s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣#␣Foo
71s >␣bar
71s >␣baz
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mContainer␣blocks
71s A␣container␣block␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
71s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
71s block␣quotes␣and␣list␣items.
71s Lists␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣list␣items.
71s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
71s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
71s
71s If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
71s transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
71s with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
71s
71s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
71s how␣these␣can␣be␣generated␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
71s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣parsing
71s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
71s A␣parsing␣strategy.)
71s Block␣quotes
71s A␣block␣quote␣marker␣
71s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣>␣together
71s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣>␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
71s The␣following␣rules␣define␣block␣quotes:
71s
71s
71s Basic␣case.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣sequence
71s of␣blocks␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣block␣quote
71s marker␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣Ls
71s is␣a␣block␣quote␣containing␣Bs.
Laziness.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣block
71s quote␣with␣contents␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
71s the␣initial␣block␣quote␣marker␣from␣one␣or
71s more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣block
71s quote␣marker␣is␣paragraph␣continuation
71s text␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣Bs␣as
71s its␣content.␣␣
71s Paragraph␣continuation␣text␣is␣text
71s that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
71s not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
Consecutiveness.␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣block
71s quotes␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣blank
71s line␣between␣them.
71s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote.
71s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
71s
71s Test #129
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>#␣Foo
71s >bar
71s >␣baz
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThe␣spaces␣after␣the␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
71s
71s Test #130
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s The␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
71s ␣␣␣>␣bar
71s ␣>␣baz
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThe␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
71s
71s Test #131
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Four␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m␣␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
71s ␣␣␣␣>␣bar
71s ␣␣␣␣>␣baz
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mFour␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
71s
71s Test #132
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s The␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣`>`␣before␣a
71s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣#␣Foo
71s >␣bar
71s baz
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mThe␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣>␣before␣a
71s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
71s
71s Test #133
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
71s continuation␣lines:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣bar
71s baz
71s >␣foo
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
71s continuation␣lines:
71s
71s Test #134
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s Laziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
71s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
71s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣foo
71s ---
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mLaziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
71s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
71s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
71s
71s Test #135
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣-␣foo
71s -␣bar
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #136
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣␣␣␣␣foo
71s ␣␣␣␣bar
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #137
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m>␣```
71s foo
71s ```
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s Test #138
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m[93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
71s
71s Test #139
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s Test #140
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣block␣quote␣can␣have␣initial␣or␣final␣blank␣lines:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s Test #141
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣blank␣line␣always␣separates␣block␣quotes:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s Test #142
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s bar
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s (Most␣current␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣John␣Gruber's
71s original␣`Markdown.pl`,␣will␣parse␣this␣example␣as␣a␣single␣block␣quote
71s with␣two␣paragraphs.␣␣But␣it␣seems␣better␣to␣allow␣the␣author␣to␣decide
71s whether␣two␣block␣quotes␣or␣one␣are␣wanted.)
71s
71s Consecutiveness␣means␣that␣if␣we␣put␣these␣block␣quotes␣together,
71s we␣get␣a␣single␣block␣quote:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s bar
71s
71s
71s Test #143
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s To␣get␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣two␣paragraphs,␣use:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s Test #144
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Block␣quotes␣can␣interrupt␣paragraphs:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s Test #145
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0mfoo
71s
71s bar
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s In␣general,␣blank␣lines␣are␣not␣needed␣before␣or␣after␣block
71s quotes:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mfoo
71s
71s bar
71s
71s
71s Test #146
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s aaa
71s
71s
71s
71s bbb
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s However,␣because␣of␣laziness,␣a␣blank␣line␣is␣needed␣between
71s a␣block␣quote␣and␣a␣following␣paragraph:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s aaa
71s
71s
71s
71s bbb
71s
71s
71s Test #147
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s bar
71s baz
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s bar
71s baz
71s
71s
71s Test #148
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s bar
71s
71s baz
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s bar
71s
71s baz
71s
71s Test #149
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s bar
71s
71s baz
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s It␣is␣a␣consequence␣of␣the␣Laziness␣rule␣that␣any␣number
71s of␣initial␣`>`s␣may␣be␣omitted␣on␣a␣continuation␣line␣of␣a
71s nested␣block␣quote:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s bar
71s
71s baz
71s
71s Test #150
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #151
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s foo
71s bar
71s baz
71s
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s When␣including␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣in␣a␣block␣quote,
71s remember␣that␣the␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣includes
71s both␣the␣`>`␣and␣a␣following␣space.␣␣So␣*five␣spaces*␣are␣needed␣after
71s the␣`>`:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s foo
71s bar
71s baz
71s
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #152
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s code
71s
71s
71s
71s not␣code
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s ##␣List␣items
71s
71s A␣[list␣marker](#list-marker)␣␣is␣a
71s [bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣or␣an␣[ordered␣list
71s marker](#ordered-list-marker).
71s
71s A␣[bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣
71s is␣a␣`-`,␣`+`,␣or␣`*`␣character.
71s
71s An␣[ordered␣list␣marker](#ordered-list-marker)␣
71s is␣a␣sequence␣of␣one␣of␣more␣digits␣(`0-9`),␣followed␣by␣either␣a
71s `.`␣character␣or␣a␣`)`␣character.
71s
71s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[list␣items](#list-item):
71s
71s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of
71s ␣␣␣␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣a␣non-space␣character␣and␣not␣separated
71s ␣␣␣␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list
71s ␣␣␣␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by␣0␣<␣*N*␣<␣5␣spaces,␣then␣the␣result
71s ␣␣␣␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following␣spaces␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of
71s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣N*␣spaces,␣is␣a
71s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the␣list␣item
71s ␣␣␣␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list␣marker.
71s ␣␣␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a␣start
71s ␣␣␣␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
71s
71s For␣example,␣let␣*Ls*␣be␣the␣lines
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s code
71s
71s
71s
71s not␣code
71s
71s
71s Test #153
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0mA␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s And␣let␣*M*␣be␣the␣marker␣`1.`,␣and␣*N*␣=␣2.␣␣Then␣rule␣#1␣says
71s that␣the␣following␣is␣an␣ordered␣list␣item␣with␣start␣number␣1,
71s and␣the␣same␣contents␣as␣*Ls*:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mA␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s Test #154
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s The␣most␣important␣thing␣to␣notice␣is␣that␣the␣position␣of
71s the␣text␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determines␣how␣much␣indentation
71s is␣needed␣in␣subsequent␣blocks␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣␣If␣the␣list
71s marker␣takes␣up␣two␣spaces,␣and␣there␣are␣three␣spaces␣between
71s the␣list␣marker␣and␣the␣next␣nonspace␣character,␣then␣blocks
71s must␣be␣indented␣five␣spaces␣in␣order␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
71s item.
71s
71s Here␣are␣some␣examples␣showing␣how␣far␣content␣must␣be␣indented␣to␣be
71s put␣under␣the␣list␣item:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s Test #155
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s two
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s two
71s
71s Test #156
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #157
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s ␣two
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s ␣two
71s
71s
71s Test #158
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s It␣is␣tempting␣to␣think␣of␣this␣in␣terms␣of␣columns:␣␣the␣continuation
71s blocks␣must␣be␣indented␣at␣least␣to␣the␣column␣of␣the␣first␣nonspace
71s character␣after␣the␣list␣marker.␣␣However,␣that␣is␣not␣quite␣right.
71s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determine␣how␣much␣relative␣indentation
71s is␣needed.␣␣Which␣column␣this␣indentation␣reaches␣will␣depend␣on
71s how␣the␣list␣item␣is␣embedded␣in␣other␣constructions,␣as␣shown␣by
71s this␣example:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #159
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s one
71s two
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Here␣`two`␣occurs␣in␣the␣same␣column␣as␣the␣list␣marker␣`1.`,
71s but␣is␣actually␣contained␣in␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣there␣is
71s sufficent␣indentation␣after␣the␣last␣containing␣blockquote␣marker.
71s
71s The␣converse␣is␣also␣possible.␣␣In␣the␣following␣example,␣the␣word␣`two`
71s occurs␣far␣to␣the␣right␣of␣the␣initial␣text␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣`one`,␣but
71s it␣is␣not␣considered␣part␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣it␣is␣not␣indented
71s far␣enough␣past␣the␣blockquote␣marker:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s one
71s two
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #160
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s two
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣list␣item␣may␣not␣contain␣blocks␣that␣are␣separated␣by␣more␣than
71s one␣blank␣line.␣␣Thus,␣two␣blank␣lines␣will␣end␣a␣list,␣unless␣the
71s two␣blanks␣are␣contained␣in␣a␣[fenced␣code␣block](#fenced-code-block).
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s two
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #161
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
foo
71s bar
71s
71s foo
71s
71s
71s bar
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣list␣item␣may␣contain␣any␣kind␣of␣block:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s Test #162
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s baz
71s
71s bam
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s 2.␣␣**Item␣starting␣with␣indented␣code.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*
71s ␣␣␣␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣an␣indented␣code
71s ␣␣␣␣block␣and␣not␣separated␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,
71s ␣␣␣␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by
71s ␣␣␣␣one␣space,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following
71s ␣␣␣␣space␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of
71s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣1*␣spaces,␣is␣a␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.
71s ␣␣␣␣If␣a␣line␣is␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the
71s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list
71s ␣␣␣␣marker.␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a
71s ␣␣␣␣start␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
71s
71s An␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣have␣to␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces␣beyond
71s the␣edge␣of␣the␣region␣where␣text␣will␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
71s In␣the␣following␣case␣that␣is␣6␣spaces:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s baz
71s
71s bam
71s
71s
71s Test #163
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s And␣in␣this␣case␣it␣is␣11␣spaces:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #164
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s If␣the␣*first*␣block␣in␣the␣list␣item␣is␣an␣indented␣code␣block,
71s then␣by␣rule␣#2,␣the␣contents␣must␣be␣indented␣*one*␣space␣after␣the
71s list␣marker:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s bar
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #165
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0mindented␣code
71s
71s paragraph
71s more␣code
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mindented␣code
71s
71s paragraph
71s more␣code
71s
71s
71s Test #166
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s indented␣code
71s
71s paragraph
71s more␣code
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Note␣that␣an␣additional␣space␣indent␣is␣interpreted␣as␣space
71s inside␣the␣code␣block:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s indented␣code
71s
71s paragraph
71s more␣code
71s
71s
71s Test #167
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s ␣indented␣code
71s
71s paragraph
71s more␣code
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Note␣that␣rules␣#1␣and␣#2␣only␣apply␣to␣two␣cases:␣␣(a)␣cases
71s in␣which␣the␣lines␣to␣be␣included␣in␣a␣list␣item␣begin␣with␣a␣nonspace
71s character,␣and␣(b)␣cases␣in␣which␣they␣begin␣with␣an␣indented␣code
71s block.␣␣In␣a␣case␣like␣the␣following,␣where␣the␣first␣block␣begins␣with
71s a␣three-space␣indent,␣the␣rules␣do␣not␣allow␣us␣to␣form␣a␣list␣item␣by
71s indenting␣the␣whole␣thing␣and␣prepending␣a␣list␣marker:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s ␣indented␣code
71s
71s paragraph
71s more␣code
71s
71s
71s Test #168
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0mfoo
71s bar
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0mfoo
71s bar
71s
71s Test #169
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s bar
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s This␣is␣not␣a␣significant␣restriction,␣because␣when␣a␣block␣begins
71s with␣1-3␣spaces␣indent,␣the␣indentation␣can␣always␣be␣removed␣without
71s a␣change␣in␣interpretation,␣allowing␣rule␣#1␣to␣be␣applied.␣␣So,␣in
71s the␣above␣case:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s bar
71s
71s Test #170
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s 3.␣␣**Indentation.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitutes␣a␣list␣item
71s ␣␣␣␣according␣to␣rule␣#1␣or␣#2,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣indenting␣each␣line
71s ␣␣␣␣of␣*L*␣by␣1-3␣spaces␣(the␣same␣for␣each␣line)␣also␣constitutes␣a
71s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.␣␣If␣a␣line␣is
71s ␣␣␣␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.
71s
71s Indented␣one␣space:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #171
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Indented␣two␣spaces:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s Test #172
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Indented␣three␣spaces:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s Test #173
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Four␣spaces␣indent␣gives␣a␣code␣block:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s Test #174
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
71s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
71s
71s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣indented␣code
71s
71s ␣␣␣␣>␣A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s 4.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[list
71s ␣␣␣␣item](#list-item)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
71s ␣␣␣␣some␣or␣all␣of␣the␣indentation␣from␣one␣or␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the
71s ␣␣␣␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣indentation␣is
71s ␣␣␣␣[paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a
71s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.
71s
71s Here␣is␣an␣example␣with␣lazy␣continuation␣lines:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
71s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
71s ␣␣␣␣indented␣code
71s
71s >␣A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #175
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Indentation␣can␣be␣partially␣deleted:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s indented␣code
71s
71s
71s A␣block␣quote.
71s
71s
71s Test #176
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s - A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s These␣examples␣show␣how␣laziness␣can␣work␣in␣nested␣structures:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s - A␣paragraph
71s with␣two␣lines.
71s
71s
71s Test #177
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s Blockquote
71s continued␣here.
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s Blockquote
71s continued␣here.
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #178
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s Blockquote
71s continued␣here.
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s 5.␣␣**That's␣all.**␣Nothing␣that␣is␣not␣counted␣as␣a␣list␣item␣by␣rules
71s ␣␣␣␣#1--4␣counts␣as␣a␣[list␣item](#list-item).
71s
71s The␣rules␣for␣sublists␣follow␣from␣the␣general␣rules␣above.␣␣A␣sublist
71s must␣be␣indented␣the␣same␣number␣of␣spaces␣a␣paragraph␣would␣need␣to␣be
71s in␣order␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
71s
71s So,␣in␣this␣case␣we␣need␣two␣spaces␣indent:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s Blockquote
71s continued␣here.
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #179
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s One␣is␣not␣enough:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #180
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s - foo
71s - bar
71s - baz
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Here␣we␣need␣four,␣because␣the␣list␣marker␣is␣wider:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s - foo
71s - bar
71s - baz
71s
71s
71s Test #181
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s Three␣is␣not␣enough:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #182
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣list␣may␣be␣the␣first␣block␣in␣a␣list␣item:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s foo
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #183
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #184
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s A␣list␣item␣may␣be␣empty:
71s
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s
71s
71s
71s Test #185
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s Test #186
71s [91mcross[0m
71s [93m=== markdown ===============
71s [0m
71s [93m
71s === expected ===============
71s [0m
71s ###␣Motivation
71s
71s John␣Gruber's␣Markdown␣spec␣says␣the␣following␣about␣list␣items:
71s
71s 1.␣"List␣markers␣typically␣start␣at␣the␣left␣margin,␣but␣may␣be␣indented
71s ␣␣␣by␣up␣to␣three␣spaces.␣List␣markers␣must␣be␣followed␣by␣one␣or␣more
71s ␣␣␣spaces␣or␣a␣tab."
71s
71s 2.␣"To␣make␣lists␣look␣nice,␣you␣can␣wrap␣items␣with␣hanging␣indents....
71s ␣␣␣But␣if␣you␣don't␣want␣to,␣you␣don't␣have␣to."
71s
71s 3.␣"List␣items␣may␣consist␣of␣multiple␣paragraphs.␣Each␣subsequent
71s ␣␣␣paragraph␣in␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented␣by␣either␣4␣spaces␣or␣one
71s ␣␣␣tab."
71s
71s 4.␣"It␣looks␣nice␣if␣you␣indent␣every␣line␣of␣the␣subsequent␣paragraphs,
71s ␣␣␣but␣here␣again,␣Markdown␣will␣allow␣you␣to␣be␣lazy."
71s
71s 5.␣"To␣put␣a␣blockquote␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣blockquote's␣`>`
71s ␣␣␣delimiters␣need␣to␣be␣indented."
71s
71s 6.␣"To␣put␣a␣code␣block␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣code␣block␣needs␣to␣be
71s ␣␣␣indented␣twice␣—␣8␣spaces␣or␣two␣tabs."
71s
71s These␣rules␣specify␣that␣a␣paragraph␣under␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented
71s four␣spaces␣(presumably,␣from␣the␣left␣margin,␣rather␣than␣the␣start␣of
71s the␣list␣marker,␣but␣this␣is␣not␣said),␣and␣that␣code␣under␣a␣list␣item
71s must␣be␣indented␣eight␣spaces␣instead␣of␣the␣usual␣four.␣␣They␣also␣say
71s that␣a␣block␣quote␣must␣be␣indented,␣but␣not␣by␣how␣much;␣however,␣the
71s example␣given␣has␣four␣spaces␣indentation.␣␣Although␣nothing␣is␣said
71s about␣other␣kinds␣of␣block-level␣content,␣it␣is␣certainly␣reasonable␣to
71s infer␣that␣*all*␣block␣elements␣under␣a␣list␣item,␣including␣other
71s lists,␣must␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces.␣␣This␣principle␣has␣been␣called␣the
71s *four-space␣rule*.
71s
71s The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣and␣principled,␣and␣if␣the␣reference
71s implementation␣`Markdown.pl`␣had␣followed␣it,␣it␣probably␣would␣have
71s become␣the␣standard.␣␣However,␣`Markdown.pl`␣allowed␣paragraphs␣and
71s sublists␣to␣start␣with␣only␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣at␣least␣on␣the
71s outer␣level.␣␣Worse,␣its␣behavior␣was␣inconsistent:␣a␣sublist␣of␣an
71s outer-level␣list␣needed␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣but␣a␣sublist␣of␣this
71s sublist␣needed␣three␣spaces.␣␣It␣is␣not␣surprising,␣then,␣that␣different
71s implementations␣of␣Markdown␣have␣developed␣very␣different␣rules␣for
71s determining␣what␣comes␣under␣a␣list␣item.␣␣(Pandoc␣and␣python-Markdown,
71s for␣example,␣stuck␣with␣Gruber's␣syntax␣description␣and␣the␣four-space
71s rule,␣while␣discount,␣redcarpet,␣marked,␣PHP␣Markdown,␣and␣others
71s followed␣`Markdown.pl`'s␣behavior␣more␣closely.)
71s
71s Unfortunately,␣given␣the␣divergences␣between␣implementations,␣there
71s is␣no␣way␣to␣give␣a␣spec␣for␣list␣items␣that␣will␣be␣guaranteed␣not
71s to␣break␣any␣existing␣documents.␣␣However,␣the␣spec␣given␣here␣should
71s correctly␣handle␣lists␣formatted␣with␣either␣the␣four-space␣rule␣or
71s the␣more␣forgiving␣`Markdown.pl`␣behavior,␣provided␣they␣are␣laid␣out
71s in␣a␣way␣that␣is␣natural␣for␣a␣human␣to␣read.
71s
71s The␣strategy␣here␣is␣to␣let␣the␣width␣and␣indentation␣of␣the␣list␣marker
71s determine␣the␣indentation␣necessary␣for␣blocks␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
71s item,␣rather␣than␣having␣a␣fixed␣and␣arbitrary␣number.␣␣The␣writer␣can
71s think␣of␣the␣body␣of␣the␣list␣item␣as␣a␣unit␣which␣gets␣indented␣to␣the
71s right␣enough␣to␣fit␣the␣list␣marker␣(and␣any␣indentation␣on␣the␣list
71s marker).␣␣(The␣laziness␣rule,␣#4,␣then␣allows␣continuation␣lines␣to␣be
71s unindented␣if␣needed.)
71s
71s This␣rule␣is␣superior,␣we␣claim,␣to␣any␣rule␣requiring␣a␣fixed␣level␣of
71s indentation␣from␣the␣margin.␣␣The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣but
71s unnatural.␣It␣is␣quite␣unintuitive␣that
71s
71s ```␣markdown
71s -␣foo
71s
71s ␣␣bar
71s
71s ␣␣-␣baz
71s ```
71s
71s should␣be␣parsed␣as␣two␣lists␣with␣an␣intervening␣paragraph,
71s
71s ```␣html
71s
71s bar
71s
71s ```
71s
71s as␣the␣four-space␣rule␣demands,␣rather␣than␣a␣single␣list,
71s
71s ```␣html
71s
71s ```
71s
71s The␣choice␣of␣four␣spaces␣is␣arbitrary.␣␣It␣can␣be␣learned,␣but␣it␣is
71s not␣likely␣to␣be␣guessed,␣and␣it␣trips␣up␣beginners␣regularly.
71s
71s Would␣it␣help␣to␣adopt␣a␣two-space␣rule?␣␣The␣problem␣is␣that␣such
71s a␣rule,␣together␣with␣the␣rule␣allowing␣1--3␣spaces␣indentation␣of␣the
71s initial␣list␣marker,␣allows␣text␣that␣is␣indented␣*less␣than*␣the
71s original␣list␣marker␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣For␣example,
71s `Markdown.pl`␣parses
71s
71s ```␣markdown
71s ␣␣␣-␣one
71s
71s ␣␣two
71s ```
71s
71s as␣a␣single␣list␣item,␣with␣`two`␣a␣continuation␣paragraph:
71s
71s ```␣html
71s
71s ```
71s
71s and␣similarly
71s
71s ```␣markdown
71s >␣␣␣-␣one
71s [93m
71s === got ====================
71s [0m
71s
71s [95m[Lists][0m
71s Test #187
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #188
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #189
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #190
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #191
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #192
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #193
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #194
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #195
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #196
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #197
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #198
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #199
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #200
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #201
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #202
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #203
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #204
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #205
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #206
71s [92mtick[0m
71s [95m[Inlines][0m
71s Test #207
71s [92mtick[0m
71s [95m[Backslash escapes][0m
71s Test #208
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #209
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #210
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #211
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #212
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #213
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #214
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #215
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #216
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #217
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #218
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #219
71s [92mtick[0m
71s Test #220
71s [92mtick[0m
71s [95m[Entities][0m
71s Test #221
71s [92mtick[0m
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71s 349 tests passed, 95 failed
71s runtime: 0.07184010600000001s
71s autopkgtest [16:21:10]: test command1: -----------------------]
71s autopkgtest [16:21:10]: test command1: - - - - - - - - - - results - - - - - - - - - -
71s command1 PASS
72s autopkgtest [16:21:11]: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ summary
72s command1 PASS