`,␣``,␣``,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
60s >␣surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
60s >␣block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
60s
60s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
60s here:
60s
60s -␣It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
60s -␣It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
60s -␣It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
60s ␣␣be␣indented.
60s
60s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
60s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
60s
60s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
60s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
60s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
60s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
60s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
60s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
60s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
60s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s *Emphasized*␣text.
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThis␣rule␣differs␣from␣John␣Gruber's␣original␣Markdown␣syntax
60s specification,␣which␣says:
60s
60s The␣only␣restrictions␣are␣that␣block-level␣HTML␣elements␣—
60s e.g.␣<div>,␣<table>,␣<pre>,␣<p>,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
60s surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
60s block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
60s
60s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
60s here:
60s
60s - It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
60s - It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
60s - It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
60s be␣indented.
60s
60s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
60s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
60s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
60s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
60s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
60s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
60s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
60s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
60s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
60s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
60s
60s Test #99
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Compare:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s *Emphasized*␣text.
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mCompare:
60s
60s Test #100
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Some␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
60s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
60s the␣attribute␣`markdown=1`.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
60s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
60s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
60s
60s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
60s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
60s *in␣most␣cases*␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
60s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s
60s |
60s Hi
60s |
60s
60s
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mSome␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
60s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
60s the␣attribute␣markdown=1.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
60s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
60s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
60s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
60s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
60s in␣most␣cases␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
60s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
60s
60s Test #101
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Moreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
60s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣``␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
60s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣`
`␣entities.
60s
60s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
60s
60s ##␣Link␣reference␣definitions
60s
60s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)
60s ␣consists␣of␣a␣[link
60s label](#link-label),␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
60s by␣a␣colon␣(`:`),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
60s newline),␣a␣[link␣destination](#link-destination),␣optional
60s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣[link
60s title](#link-title),␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
60s from␣the␣[link␣destination](#link-destination)␣by␣whitespace.
60s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
60s
60s A␣[link␣reference-definition](#link-reference-definition)
60s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
60s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣[reference␣links](#reference-link)
60s and␣reference-style␣[images](#image)␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
60s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
60s them.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
60s
60s [foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mMoreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
60s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣<pre>␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
60s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣ ␣entities.
60s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
60s Link␣reference␣definitions
60s A␣link␣reference␣definition
60s ␣consists␣of␣a␣link
60s label,␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
60s by␣a␣colon␣(:),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
60s newline),␣a␣link␣destination,␣optional
60s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣link
60s title,␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
60s from␣the␣link␣destination␣by␣whitespace.
60s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
60s A␣link␣reference-definition
60s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
60s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣reference␣links
60s and␣reference-style␣images␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
60s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
60s them.
60s
60s Test #102
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣␣[foo]:␣
60s ␣␣␣␣␣␣/url␣␣
60s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣'the␣title'␣␣
60s
60s [foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #103
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url)␣'title␣(with␣parens)'
60s
60s [Foo*bar\]]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #104
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[Foo␣bar]:
60s
60s 'title'
60s
60s [Foo␣bar]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #105
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s The␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]:
60s /url
60s
60s [foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThe␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
60s
60s Test #106
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s The␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]:
60s
60s [foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThe␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
60s
60s Test #107
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]
60s
60s [foo]:␣url
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mA␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
60s
60s Test #108
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s If␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
60s precedence:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]
60s
60s [foo]:␣first
60s [foo]:␣second
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mIf␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
60s precedence:
60s
60s Test #109
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s As␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
60s case-insensitive␣(see␣[matches](#matches)).
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[FOO]:␣/url
60s
60s [Foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mAs␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
60s case-insensitive␣(see␣matches).
60s
60s Test #110
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[ΑΓΩ]:␣/φου
60s
60s [αγω]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #111
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Here␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
60s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]:␣/url
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mHere␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
60s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
60s
60s Test #112
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
60s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"␣ok
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
60s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
60s
60s Test #113
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
60s four␣spaces:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣␣␣[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
60s
60s [foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
60s four␣spaces:
60s
60s Test #114
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
60s a␣code␣block:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m```
60s [foo]:␣/url
60s ```
60s
60s [foo]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
60s a␣code␣block:
60s
60s Test #115
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)␣cannot
60s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0mFoo
60s [bar]:␣/baz
60s
60s [bar]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mA␣link␣reference␣definition␣cannot
60s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
60s
60s Test #116
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s However,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
60s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m#␣[Foo]
60s [foo]:␣/url
60s >␣bar
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mHowever,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
60s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
60s
60s Test #117
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Several␣[link␣references](#link-reference)␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
60s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]:␣/foo-url␣"foo"
60s [bar]:␣/bar-url
60s ␣␣"bar"
60s [baz]:␣/baz-url
60s
60s [foo],
60s [bar],
60s [baz]
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mSeveral␣link␣references␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
60s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
60s
60s Test #118
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [Link␣reference␣definitions](#link-reference-definition)␣can␣occur
60s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
60s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
60s are␣defined:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[foo]
60s
60s >␣[foo]:␣/url
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mLink␣reference␣definitions␣can␣occur
60s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
60s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
60s are␣defined:
60s
60s Test #119
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s ##␣Paragraphs
60s
60s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
60s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣[paragraph](#paragraph).
60s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
60s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
60s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
60s spaces.
60s
60s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0maaa
60s
60s bbb
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mParagraphs
60s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
60s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣paragraph.
60s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
60s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
60s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
60s spaces.
60s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
60s
60s Test #120
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Paragraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0maaa
60s bbb
60s
60s ccc
60s ddd
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mParagraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
60s
60s Test #121
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Multiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0maaa
60s
60s
60s bbb
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mMultiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
60s
60s Test #122
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Leading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣aaa
60s ␣bbb
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mLeading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
60s
60s Test #123
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Lines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
60s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0maaa
60s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣bbb
60s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ccc
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mLines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
60s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
60s
60s Test #124
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s However,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
60s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣␣aaa
60s bbb
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mHowever,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
60s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
60s
60s Test #125
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣␣␣aaa
60s bbb
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #126
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Final␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
60s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
60s break:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0maaa␣␣␣␣␣
60s bbb␣␣␣␣␣
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mFinal␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
60s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
60s break:
60s
60s Test #127
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s ##␣Blank␣lines
60s
60s [Blank␣lines](#blank-line)␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
60s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣[list](#list)
60s is␣[tight](#tight)␣or␣[loose](#loose).
60s
60s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣
60s
60s aaa
60s ␣␣
60s
60s #␣aaa
60s
60s ␣␣
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mBlank␣lines
60s Blank␣lines␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
60s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣list
60s is␣tight␣or␣loose.
60s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
60s
60s Test #128
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s #␣Container␣blocks
60s
60s A␣[container␣block](#container-block)␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
60s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
60s [block␣quotes](#block-quote)␣and␣[list␣items](#list-item).
60s [Lists](#list)␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣[list␣items](#list-item).
60s
60s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
60s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
60s
60s >␣If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
60s >␣transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
60s >␣with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
60s
60s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
60s how␣these␣can␣be␣*generated*␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
60s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣*parsing*
60s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
60s [A␣parsing␣strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
60s
60s ##␣Block␣quotes
60s
60s A␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣
60s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣`>`␣together
60s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣`>`␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
60s
60s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[block␣quotes](#block-quote):
60s
60s
60s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence
60s ␣␣␣␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣[block␣quote
60s ␣␣␣␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣*Ls*
60s ␣␣␣␣is␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote)␣containing␣*Bs*.
60s
60s 2.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[block
60s ␣␣␣␣quote](#block-quote)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
60s ␣␣␣␣the␣initial␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣from␣one␣or
60s ␣␣␣␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣[block
60s ␣␣␣␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣is␣[paragraph␣continuation
60s ␣␣␣␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣*Bs*␣as
60s ␣␣␣␣its␣content.␣␣
60s ␣␣␣␣[Paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣text
60s ␣␣␣␣that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
60s ␣␣␣␣not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
60s
60s 3.␣␣**Consecutiveness.**␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣[block
60s ␣␣␣␣quotes](#block-quote)␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣[blank
60s ␣␣␣␣line](#blank-line)␣between␣them.
60s
60s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote).
60s
60s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣#␣Foo
60s >␣bar
60s >␣baz
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mContainer␣blocks
60s A␣container␣block␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
60s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
60s block␣quotes␣and␣list␣items.
60s Lists␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣list␣items.
60s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
60s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
60s
60s If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
60s transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
60s with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
60s
60s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
60s how␣these␣can␣be␣generated␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
60s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣parsing
60s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
60s A␣parsing␣strategy.)
60s Block␣quotes
60s A␣block␣quote␣marker␣
60s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣>␣together
60s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣>␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
60s The␣following␣rules␣define␣block␣quotes:
60s
60s
60s Basic␣case.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣sequence
60s of␣blocks␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣block␣quote
60s marker␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣Ls
60s is␣a␣block␣quote␣containing␣Bs.
Laziness.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣block
60s quote␣with␣contents␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
60s the␣initial␣block␣quote␣marker␣from␣one␣or
60s more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣block
60s quote␣marker␣is␣paragraph␣continuation
60s text␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣Bs␣as
60s its␣content.␣␣
60s Paragraph␣continuation␣text␣is␣text
60s that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
60s not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
Consecutiveness.␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣block
60s quotes␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣blank
60s line␣between␣them.
60s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote.
60s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
60s
60s Test #129
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>#␣Foo
60s >bar
60s >␣baz
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThe␣spaces␣after␣the␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
60s
60s Test #130
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s The␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
60s ␣␣␣>␣bar
60s ␣>␣baz
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThe␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
60s
60s Test #131
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Four␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m␣␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
60s ␣␣␣␣>␣bar
60s ␣␣␣␣>␣baz
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mFour␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
60s
60s Test #132
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s The␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣`>`␣before␣a
60s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣#␣Foo
60s >␣bar
60s baz
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mThe␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣>␣before␣a
60s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
60s
60s Test #133
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
60s continuation␣lines:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣bar
60s baz
60s >␣foo
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
60s continuation␣lines:
60s
60s Test #134
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s Laziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
60s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
60s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣foo
60s ---
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mLaziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
60s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
60s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
60s
60s Test #135
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣-␣foo
60s -␣bar
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #136
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣␣␣␣␣foo
60s ␣␣␣␣bar
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #137
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m>␣```
60s foo
60s ```
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s Test #138
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m[93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
60s
60s Test #139
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s Test #140
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣block␣quote␣can␣have␣initial␣or␣final␣blank␣lines:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s Test #141
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣blank␣line␣always␣separates␣block␣quotes:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s Test #142
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s bar
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s (Most␣current␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣John␣Gruber's
60s original␣`Markdown.pl`,␣will␣parse␣this␣example␣as␣a␣single␣block␣quote
60s with␣two␣paragraphs.␣␣But␣it␣seems␣better␣to␣allow␣the␣author␣to␣decide
60s whether␣two␣block␣quotes␣or␣one␣are␣wanted.)
60s
60s Consecutiveness␣means␣that␣if␣we␣put␣these␣block␣quotes␣together,
60s we␣get␣a␣single␣block␣quote:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s bar
60s
60s
60s Test #143
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s To␣get␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣two␣paragraphs,␣use:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s Test #144
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Block␣quotes␣can␣interrupt␣paragraphs:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s Test #145
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0mfoo
60s
60s bar
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s In␣general,␣blank␣lines␣are␣not␣needed␣before␣or␣after␣block
60s quotes:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mfoo
60s
60s bar
60s
60s
60s Test #146
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s aaa
60s
60s
60s
60s bbb
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s However,␣because␣of␣laziness,␣a␣blank␣line␣is␣needed␣between
60s a␣block␣quote␣and␣a␣following␣paragraph:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s aaa
60s
60s
60s
60s bbb
60s
60s
60s Test #147
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s bar
60s baz
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s bar
60s baz
60s
60s
60s Test #148
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s bar
60s
60s baz
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s bar
60s
60s baz
60s
60s Test #149
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s bar
60s
60s baz
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s It␣is␣a␣consequence␣of␣the␣Laziness␣rule␣that␣any␣number
60s of␣initial␣`>`s␣may␣be␣omitted␣on␣a␣continuation␣line␣of␣a
60s nested␣block␣quote:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s bar
60s
60s baz
60s
60s Test #150
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #151
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s foo
60s bar
60s baz
60s
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s When␣including␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣in␣a␣block␣quote,
60s remember␣that␣the␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣includes
60s both␣the␣`>`␣and␣a␣following␣space.␣␣So␣*five␣spaces*␣are␣needed␣after
60s the␣`>`:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s foo
60s bar
60s baz
60s
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #152
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s code
60s
60s
60s
60s not␣code
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s ##␣List␣items
60s
60s A␣[list␣marker](#list-marker)␣␣is␣a
60s [bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣or␣an␣[ordered␣list
60s marker](#ordered-list-marker).
60s
60s A␣[bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣
60s is␣a␣`-`,␣`+`,␣or␣`*`␣character.
60s
60s An␣[ordered␣list␣marker](#ordered-list-marker)␣
60s is␣a␣sequence␣of␣one␣of␣more␣digits␣(`0-9`),␣followed␣by␣either␣a
60s `.`␣character␣or␣a␣`)`␣character.
60s
60s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[list␣items](#list-item):
60s
60s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of
60s ␣␣␣␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣a␣non-space␣character␣and␣not␣separated
60s ␣␣␣␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list
60s ␣␣␣␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by␣0␣<␣*N*␣<␣5␣spaces,␣then␣the␣result
60s ␣␣␣␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following␣spaces␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of
60s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣N*␣spaces,␣is␣a
60s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the␣list␣item
60s ␣␣␣␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list␣marker.
60s ␣␣␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a␣start
60s ␣␣␣␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
60s
60s For␣example,␣let␣*Ls*␣be␣the␣lines
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s code
60s
60s
60s
60s not␣code
60s
60s
60s Test #153
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0mA␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s And␣let␣*M*␣be␣the␣marker␣`1.`,␣and␣*N*␣=␣2.␣␣Then␣rule␣#1␣says
60s that␣the␣following␣is␣an␣ordered␣list␣item␣with␣start␣number␣1,
60s and␣the␣same␣contents␣as␣*Ls*:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mA␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s Test #154
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s The␣most␣important␣thing␣to␣notice␣is␣that␣the␣position␣of
60s the␣text␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determines␣how␣much␣indentation
60s is␣needed␣in␣subsequent␣blocks␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣␣If␣the␣list
60s marker␣takes␣up␣two␣spaces,␣and␣there␣are␣three␣spaces␣between
60s the␣list␣marker␣and␣the␣next␣nonspace␣character,␣then␣blocks
60s must␣be␣indented␣five␣spaces␣in␣order␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
60s item.
60s
60s Here␣are␣some␣examples␣showing␣how␣far␣content␣must␣be␣indented␣to␣be
60s put␣under␣the␣list␣item:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s Test #155
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s two
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s two
60s
60s Test #156
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #157
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s ␣two
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s ␣two
60s
60s
60s Test #158
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s It␣is␣tempting␣to␣think␣of␣this␣in␣terms␣of␣columns:␣␣the␣continuation
60s blocks␣must␣be␣indented␣at␣least␣to␣the␣column␣of␣the␣first␣nonspace
60s character␣after␣the␣list␣marker.␣␣However,␣that␣is␣not␣quite␣right.
60s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determine␣how␣much␣relative␣indentation
60s is␣needed.␣␣Which␣column␣this␣indentation␣reaches␣will␣depend␣on
60s how␣the␣list␣item␣is␣embedded␣in␣other␣constructions,␣as␣shown␣by
60s this␣example:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #159
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s one
60s two
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Here␣`two`␣occurs␣in␣the␣same␣column␣as␣the␣list␣marker␣`1.`,
60s but␣is␣actually␣contained␣in␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣there␣is
60s sufficent␣indentation␣after␣the␣last␣containing␣blockquote␣marker.
60s
60s The␣converse␣is␣also␣possible.␣␣In␣the␣following␣example,␣the␣word␣`two`
60s occurs␣far␣to␣the␣right␣of␣the␣initial␣text␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣`one`,␣but
60s it␣is␣not␣considered␣part␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣it␣is␣not␣indented
60s far␣enough␣past␣the␣blockquote␣marker:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s one
60s two
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #160
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s two
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣list␣item␣may␣not␣contain␣blocks␣that␣are␣separated␣by␣more␣than
60s one␣blank␣line.␣␣Thus,␣two␣blank␣lines␣will␣end␣a␣list,␣unless␣the
60s two␣blanks␣are␣contained␣in␣a␣[fenced␣code␣block](#fenced-code-block).
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s two
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #161
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
foo
60s bar
60s
60s foo
60s
60s
60s bar
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣list␣item␣may␣contain␣any␣kind␣of␣block:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s Test #162
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s baz
60s
60s bam
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s 2.␣␣**Item␣starting␣with␣indented␣code.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*
60s ␣␣␣␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣an␣indented␣code
60s ␣␣␣␣block␣and␣not␣separated␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,
60s ␣␣␣␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by
60s ␣␣␣␣one␣space,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following
60s ␣␣␣␣space␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of
60s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣1*␣spaces,␣is␣a␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.
60s ␣␣␣␣If␣a␣line␣is␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the
60s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list
60s ␣␣␣␣marker.␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a
60s ␣␣␣␣start␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
60s
60s An␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣have␣to␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces␣beyond
60s the␣edge␣of␣the␣region␣where␣text␣will␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
60s In␣the␣following␣case␣that␣is␣6␣spaces:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s baz
60s
60s bam
60s
60s
60s Test #163
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s And␣in␣this␣case␣it␣is␣11␣spaces:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #164
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s If␣the␣*first*␣block␣in␣the␣list␣item␣is␣an␣indented␣code␣block,
60s then␣by␣rule␣#2,␣the␣contents␣must␣be␣indented␣*one*␣space␣after␣the
60s list␣marker:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s bar
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #165
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0mindented␣code
60s
60s paragraph
60s more␣code
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mindented␣code
60s
60s paragraph
60s more␣code
60s
60s
60s Test #166
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s indented␣code
60s
60s paragraph
60s more␣code
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Note␣that␣an␣additional␣space␣indent␣is␣interpreted␣as␣space
60s inside␣the␣code␣block:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s indented␣code
60s
60s paragraph
60s more␣code
60s
60s
60s Test #167
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s ␣indented␣code
60s
60s paragraph
60s more␣code
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Note␣that␣rules␣#1␣and␣#2␣only␣apply␣to␣two␣cases:␣␣(a)␣cases
60s in␣which␣the␣lines␣to␣be␣included␣in␣a␣list␣item␣begin␣with␣a␣nonspace
60s character,␣and␣(b)␣cases␣in␣which␣they␣begin␣with␣an␣indented␣code
60s block.␣␣In␣a␣case␣like␣the␣following,␣where␣the␣first␣block␣begins␣with
60s a␣three-space␣indent,␣the␣rules␣do␣not␣allow␣us␣to␣form␣a␣list␣item␣by
60s indenting␣the␣whole␣thing␣and␣prepending␣a␣list␣marker:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s ␣indented␣code
60s
60s paragraph
60s more␣code
60s
60s
60s Test #168
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0mfoo
60s bar
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0mfoo
60s bar
60s
60s Test #169
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s bar
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s This␣is␣not␣a␣significant␣restriction,␣because␣when␣a␣block␣begins
60s with␣1-3␣spaces␣indent,␣the␣indentation␣can␣always␣be␣removed␣without
60s a␣change␣in␣interpretation,␣allowing␣rule␣#1␣to␣be␣applied.␣␣So,␣in
60s the␣above␣case:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s bar
60s
60s Test #170
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s 3.␣␣**Indentation.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitutes␣a␣list␣item
60s ␣␣␣␣according␣to␣rule␣#1␣or␣#2,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣indenting␣each␣line
60s ␣␣␣␣of␣*L*␣by␣1-3␣spaces␣(the␣same␣for␣each␣line)␣also␣constitutes␣a
60s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.␣␣If␣a␣line␣is
60s ␣␣␣␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.
60s
60s Indented␣one␣space:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #171
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Indented␣two␣spaces:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s Test #172
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Indented␣three␣spaces:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s Test #173
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Four␣spaces␣indent␣gives␣a␣code␣block:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s Test #174
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
60s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
60s
60s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣indented␣code
60s
60s ␣␣␣␣>␣A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s 4.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[list
60s ␣␣␣␣item](#list-item)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
60s ␣␣␣␣some␣or␣all␣of␣the␣indentation␣from␣one␣or␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the
60s ␣␣␣␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣indentation␣is
60s ␣␣␣␣[paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a
60s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.
60s
60s Here␣is␣an␣example␣with␣lazy␣continuation␣lines:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
60s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
60s ␣␣␣␣indented␣code
60s
60s >␣A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #175
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Indentation␣can␣be␣partially␣deleted:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s indented␣code
60s
60s
60s A␣block␣quote.
60s
60s
60s Test #176
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s - A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s These␣examples␣show␣how␣laziness␣can␣work␣in␣nested␣structures:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s - A␣paragraph
60s with␣two␣lines.
60s
60s
60s Test #177
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s Blockquote
60s continued␣here.
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s Blockquote
60s continued␣here.
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #178
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s Blockquote
60s continued␣here.
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s 5.␣␣**That's␣all.**␣Nothing␣that␣is␣not␣counted␣as␣a␣list␣item␣by␣rules
60s ␣␣␣␣#1--4␣counts␣as␣a␣[list␣item](#list-item).
60s
60s The␣rules␣for␣sublists␣follow␣from␣the␣general␣rules␣above.␣␣A␣sublist
60s must␣be␣indented␣the␣same␣number␣of␣spaces␣a␣paragraph␣would␣need␣to␣be
60s in␣order␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
60s
60s So,␣in␣this␣case␣we␣need␣two␣spaces␣indent:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s Blockquote
60s continued␣here.
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #179
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s One␣is␣not␣enough:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #180
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s - foo
60s - bar
60s - baz
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Here␣we␣need␣four,␣because␣the␣list␣marker␣is␣wider:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s - foo
60s - bar
60s - baz
60s
60s
60s Test #181
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s Three␣is␣not␣enough:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #182
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣list␣may␣be␣the␣first␣block␣in␣a␣list␣item:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s foo
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #183
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #184
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s A␣list␣item␣may␣be␣empty:
60s
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s
60s
60s
60s Test #185
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s Test #186
60s [91mcross[0m
60s [93m=== markdown ===============
60s [0m
60s [93m
60s === expected ===============
60s [0m
60s ###␣Motivation
60s
60s John␣Gruber's␣Markdown␣spec␣says␣the␣following␣about␣list␣items:
60s
60s 1.␣"List␣markers␣typically␣start␣at␣the␣left␣margin,␣but␣may␣be␣indented
60s ␣␣␣by␣up␣to␣three␣spaces.␣List␣markers␣must␣be␣followed␣by␣one␣or␣more
60s ␣␣␣spaces␣or␣a␣tab."
60s
60s 2.␣"To␣make␣lists␣look␣nice,␣you␣can␣wrap␣items␣with␣hanging␣indents....
60s ␣␣␣But␣if␣you␣don't␣want␣to,␣you␣don't␣have␣to."
60s
60s 3.␣"List␣items␣may␣consist␣of␣multiple␣paragraphs.␣Each␣subsequent
60s ␣␣␣paragraph␣in␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented␣by␣either␣4␣spaces␣or␣one
60s ␣␣␣tab."
60s
60s 4.␣"It␣looks␣nice␣if␣you␣indent␣every␣line␣of␣the␣subsequent␣paragraphs,
60s ␣␣␣but␣here␣again,␣Markdown␣will␣allow␣you␣to␣be␣lazy."
60s
60s 5.␣"To␣put␣a␣blockquote␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣blockquote's␣`>`
60s ␣␣␣delimiters␣need␣to␣be␣indented."
60s
60s 6.␣"To␣put␣a␣code␣block␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣code␣block␣needs␣to␣be
60s ␣␣␣indented␣twice␣—␣8␣spaces␣or␣two␣tabs."
60s
60s These␣rules␣specify␣that␣a␣paragraph␣under␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented
60s four␣spaces␣(presumably,␣from␣the␣left␣margin,␣rather␣than␣the␣start␣of
60s the␣list␣marker,␣but␣this␣is␣not␣said),␣and␣that␣code␣under␣a␣list␣item
60s must␣be␣indented␣eight␣spaces␣instead␣of␣the␣usual␣four.␣␣They␣also␣say
60s that␣a␣block␣quote␣must␣be␣indented,␣but␣not␣by␣how␣much;␣however,␣the
60s example␣given␣has␣four␣spaces␣indentation.␣␣Although␣nothing␣is␣said
60s about␣other␣kinds␣of␣block-level␣content,␣it␣is␣certainly␣reasonable␣to
60s infer␣that␣*all*␣block␣elements␣under␣a␣list␣item,␣including␣other
60s lists,␣must␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces.␣␣This␣principle␣has␣been␣called␣the
60s *four-space␣rule*.
60s
60s The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣and␣principled,␣and␣if␣the␣reference
60s implementation␣`Markdown.pl`␣had␣followed␣it,␣it␣probably␣would␣have
60s become␣the␣standard.␣␣However,␣`Markdown.pl`␣allowed␣paragraphs␣and
60s sublists␣to␣start␣with␣only␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣at␣least␣on␣the
60s outer␣level.␣␣Worse,␣its␣behavior␣was␣inconsistent:␣a␣sublist␣of␣an
60s outer-level␣list␣needed␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣but␣a␣sublist␣of␣this
60s sublist␣needed␣three␣spaces.␣␣It␣is␣not␣surprising,␣then,␣that␣different
60s implementations␣of␣Markdown␣have␣developed␣very␣different␣rules␣for
60s determining␣what␣comes␣under␣a␣list␣item.␣␣(Pandoc␣and␣python-Markdown,
60s for␣example,␣stuck␣with␣Gruber's␣syntax␣description␣and␣the␣four-space
60s rule,␣while␣discount,␣redcarpet,␣marked,␣PHP␣Markdown,␣and␣others
60s followed␣`Markdown.pl`'s␣behavior␣more␣closely.)
60s
60s Unfortunately,␣given␣the␣divergences␣between␣implementations,␣there
60s is␣no␣way␣to␣give␣a␣spec␣for␣list␣items␣that␣will␣be␣guaranteed␣not
60s to␣break␣any␣existing␣documents.␣␣However,␣the␣spec␣given␣here␣should
60s correctly␣handle␣lists␣formatted␣with␣either␣the␣four-space␣rule␣or
60s the␣more␣forgiving␣`Markdown.pl`␣behavior,␣provided␣they␣are␣laid␣out
60s in␣a␣way␣that␣is␣natural␣for␣a␣human␣to␣read.
60s
60s The␣strategy␣here␣is␣to␣let␣the␣width␣and␣indentation␣of␣the␣list␣marker
60s determine␣the␣indentation␣necessary␣for␣blocks␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
60s item,␣rather␣than␣having␣a␣fixed␣and␣arbitrary␣number.␣␣The␣writer␣can
60s think␣of␣the␣body␣of␣the␣list␣item␣as␣a␣unit␣which␣gets␣indented␣to␣the
60s right␣enough␣to␣fit␣the␣list␣marker␣(and␣any␣indentation␣on␣the␣list
60s marker).␣␣(The␣laziness␣rule,␣#4,␣then␣allows␣continuation␣lines␣to␣be
60s unindented␣if␣needed.)
60s
60s This␣rule␣is␣superior,␣we␣claim,␣to␣any␣rule␣requiring␣a␣fixed␣level␣of
60s indentation␣from␣the␣margin.␣␣The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣but
60s unnatural.␣It␣is␣quite␣unintuitive␣that
60s
60s ```␣markdown
60s -␣foo
60s
60s ␣␣bar
60s
60s ␣␣-␣baz
60s ```
60s
60s should␣be␣parsed␣as␣two␣lists␣with␣an␣intervening␣paragraph,
60s
60s ```␣html
60s
60s bar
60s
60s ```
60s
60s as␣the␣four-space␣rule␣demands,␣rather␣than␣a␣single␣list,
60s
60s ```␣html
60s
60s ```
60s
60s The␣choice␣of␣four␣spaces␣is␣arbitrary.␣␣It␣can␣be␣learned,␣but␣it␣is
60s not␣likely␣to␣be␣guessed,␣and␣it␣trips␣up␣beginners␣regularly.
60s
60s Would␣it␣help␣to␣adopt␣a␣two-space␣rule?␣␣The␣problem␣is␣that␣such
60s a␣rule,␣together␣with␣the␣rule␣allowing␣1--3␣spaces␣indentation␣of␣the
60s initial␣list␣marker,␣allows␣text␣that␣is␣indented␣*less␣than*␣the
60s original␣list␣marker␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣For␣example,
60s `Markdown.pl`␣parses
60s
60s ```␣markdown
60s ␣␣␣-␣one
60s
60s ␣␣two
60s ```
60s
60s as␣a␣single␣list␣item,␣with␣`two`␣a␣continuation␣paragraph:
60s
60s ```␣html
60s
60s ```
60s
60s and␣similarly
60s
60s ```␣markdown
60s >␣␣␣-␣one
60s [93m
60s === got ====================
60s [0m
60s
60s [95m[Lists][0m
60s Test #187
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #188
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #189
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #190
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #191
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #192
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #193
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #194
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #195
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #196
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #197
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #198
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #199
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #200
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #201
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #202
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #203
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #204
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #205
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #206
60s [92mtick[0m
60s [95m[Inlines][0m
60s Test #207
60s [92mtick[0m
60s [95m[Backslash escapes][0m
60s Test #208
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #209
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #210
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #211
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #212
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #213
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #214
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #215
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #216
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #217
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #218
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #219
60s [92mtick[0m
60s Test #220
60s [92mtick[0m
60s [95m[Entities][0m
60s Test #221
60s [92mtick[0m
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60s 349 tests passed, 95 failed
60s runtime: 0.028415155999999997s
60s autopkgtest [15:58:33]: test command1: -----------------------]
60s command1 PASS
60s autopkgtest [15:58:33]: test command1: - - - - - - - - - - results - - - - - - - - - -
61s autopkgtest [15:58:34]: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ summary
61s command1 PASS