`,␣``,␣``,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
57s >␣surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
57s >␣block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
57s
57s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
57s here:
57s
57s -␣It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
57s -␣It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
57s -␣It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
57s ␣␣be␣indented.
57s
57s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
57s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
57s
57s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
57s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
57s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
57s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
57s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
57s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
57s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
57s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s *Emphasized*␣text.
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThis␣rule␣differs␣from␣John␣Gruber's␣original␣Markdown␣syntax
57s specification,␣which␣says:
57s
57s The␣only␣restrictions␣are␣that␣block-level␣HTML␣elements␣—
57s e.g.␣<div>,␣<table>,␣<pre>,␣<p>,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
57s surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
57s block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
57s
57s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
57s here:
57s
57s - It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
57s - It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
57s - It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
57s be␣indented.
57s
57s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
57s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
57s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
57s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
57s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
57s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
57s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
57s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
57s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
57s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
57s
57s Test #99
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Compare:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s *Emphasized*␣text.
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mCompare:
57s
57s Test #100
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Some␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
57s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
57s the␣attribute␣`markdown=1`.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
57s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
57s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
57s
57s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
57s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
57s *in␣most␣cases*␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
57s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s
57s |
57s Hi
57s |
57s
57s
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mSome␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
57s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
57s the␣attribute␣markdown=1.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
57s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
57s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
57s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
57s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
57s in␣most␣cases␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
57s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
57s
57s Test #101
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Moreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
57s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣``␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
57s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣`
`␣entities.
57s
57s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
57s
57s ##␣Link␣reference␣definitions
57s
57s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)
57s ␣consists␣of␣a␣[link
57s label](#link-label),␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
57s by␣a␣colon␣(`:`),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
57s newline),␣a␣[link␣destination](#link-destination),␣optional
57s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣[link
57s title](#link-title),␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
57s from␣the␣[link␣destination](#link-destination)␣by␣whitespace.
57s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
57s
57s A␣[link␣reference-definition](#link-reference-definition)
57s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
57s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣[reference␣links](#reference-link)
57s and␣reference-style␣[images](#image)␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
57s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
57s them.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
57s
57s [foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mMoreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
57s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣<pre>␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
57s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣ ␣entities.
57s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
57s Link␣reference␣definitions
57s A␣link␣reference␣definition
57s ␣consists␣of␣a␣link
57s label,␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
57s by␣a␣colon␣(:),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
57s newline),␣a␣link␣destination,␣optional
57s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣link
57s title,␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
57s from␣the␣link␣destination␣by␣whitespace.
57s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
57s A␣link␣reference-definition
57s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
57s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣reference␣links
57s and␣reference-style␣images␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
57s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
57s them.
57s
57s Test #102
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣␣[foo]:␣
57s ␣␣␣␣␣␣/url␣␣
57s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣'the␣title'␣␣
57s
57s [foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #103
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url)␣'title␣(with␣parens)'
57s
57s [Foo*bar\]]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #104
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[Foo␣bar]:
57s
57s 'title'
57s
57s [Foo␣bar]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #105
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s The␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]:
57s /url
57s
57s [foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThe␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
57s
57s Test #106
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s The␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]:
57s
57s [foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThe␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
57s
57s Test #107
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]
57s
57s [foo]:␣url
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mA␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
57s
57s Test #108
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s If␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
57s precedence:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]
57s
57s [foo]:␣first
57s [foo]:␣second
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mIf␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
57s precedence:
57s
57s Test #109
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s As␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
57s case-insensitive␣(see␣[matches](#matches)).
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[FOO]:␣/url
57s
57s [Foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mAs␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
57s case-insensitive␣(see␣matches).
57s
57s Test #110
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[ΑΓΩ]:␣/φου
57s
57s [αγω]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #111
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Here␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
57s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]:␣/url
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mHere␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
57s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
57s
57s Test #112
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
57s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"␣ok
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
57s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
57s
57s Test #113
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
57s four␣spaces:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣␣␣[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
57s
57s [foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
57s four␣spaces:
57s
57s Test #114
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
57s a␣code␣block:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m```
57s [foo]:␣/url
57s ```
57s
57s [foo]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
57s a␣code␣block:
57s
57s Test #115
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)␣cannot
57s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0mFoo
57s [bar]:␣/baz
57s
57s [bar]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mA␣link␣reference␣definition␣cannot
57s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
57s
57s Test #116
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s However,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
57s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m#␣[Foo]
57s [foo]:␣/url
57s >␣bar
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mHowever,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
57s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
57s
57s Test #117
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Several␣[link␣references](#link-reference)␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
57s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]:␣/foo-url␣"foo"
57s [bar]:␣/bar-url
57s ␣␣"bar"
57s [baz]:␣/baz-url
57s
57s [foo],
57s [bar],
57s [baz]
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mSeveral␣link␣references␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
57s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
57s
57s Test #118
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [Link␣reference␣definitions](#link-reference-definition)␣can␣occur
57s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
57s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
57s are␣defined:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[foo]
57s
57s >␣[foo]:␣/url
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mLink␣reference␣definitions␣can␣occur
57s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
57s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
57s are␣defined:
57s
57s Test #119
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s ##␣Paragraphs
57s
57s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
57s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣[paragraph](#paragraph).
57s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
57s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
57s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
57s spaces.
57s
57s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0maaa
57s
57s bbb
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mParagraphs
57s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
57s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣paragraph.
57s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
57s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
57s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
57s spaces.
57s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
57s
57s Test #120
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Paragraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0maaa
57s bbb
57s
57s ccc
57s ddd
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mParagraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
57s
57s Test #121
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Multiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0maaa
57s
57s
57s bbb
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mMultiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
57s
57s Test #122
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Leading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣aaa
57s ␣bbb
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mLeading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
57s
57s Test #123
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Lines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
57s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0maaa
57s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣bbb
57s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ccc
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mLines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
57s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
57s
57s Test #124
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s However,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
57s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣␣aaa
57s bbb
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mHowever,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
57s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
57s
57s Test #125
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣␣␣aaa
57s bbb
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #126
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Final␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
57s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
57s break:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0maaa␣␣␣␣␣
57s bbb␣␣␣␣␣
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mFinal␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
57s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
57s break:
57s
57s Test #127
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s ##␣Blank␣lines
57s
57s [Blank␣lines](#blank-line)␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
57s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣[list](#list)
57s is␣[tight](#tight)␣or␣[loose](#loose).
57s
57s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣
57s
57s aaa
57s ␣␣
57s
57s #␣aaa
57s
57s ␣␣
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mBlank␣lines
57s Blank␣lines␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
57s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣list
57s is␣tight␣or␣loose.
57s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
57s
57s Test #128
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s #␣Container␣blocks
57s
57s A␣[container␣block](#container-block)␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
57s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
57s [block␣quotes](#block-quote)␣and␣[list␣items](#list-item).
57s [Lists](#list)␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣[list␣items](#list-item).
57s
57s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
57s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
57s
57s >␣If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
57s >␣transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
57s >␣with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
57s
57s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
57s how␣these␣can␣be␣*generated*␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
57s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣*parsing*
57s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
57s [A␣parsing␣strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
57s
57s ##␣Block␣quotes
57s
57s A␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣
57s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣`>`␣together
57s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣`>`␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
57s
57s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[block␣quotes](#block-quote):
57s
57s
57s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence
57s ␣␣␣␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣[block␣quote
57s ␣␣␣␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣*Ls*
57s ␣␣␣␣is␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote)␣containing␣*Bs*.
57s
57s 2.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[block
57s ␣␣␣␣quote](#block-quote)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
57s ␣␣␣␣the␣initial␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣from␣one␣or
57s ␣␣␣␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣[block
57s ␣␣␣␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣is␣[paragraph␣continuation
57s ␣␣␣␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣*Bs*␣as
57s ␣␣␣␣its␣content.␣␣
57s ␣␣␣␣[Paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣text
57s ␣␣␣␣that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
57s ␣␣␣␣not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
57s
57s 3.␣␣**Consecutiveness.**␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣[block
57s ␣␣␣␣quotes](#block-quote)␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣[blank
57s ␣␣␣␣line](#blank-line)␣between␣them.
57s
57s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote).
57s
57s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣#␣Foo
57s >␣bar
57s >␣baz
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mContainer␣blocks
57s A␣container␣block␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
57s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
57s block␣quotes␣and␣list␣items.
57s Lists␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣list␣items.
57s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
57s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
57s
57s If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
57s transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
57s with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
57s
57s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
57s how␣these␣can␣be␣generated␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
57s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣parsing
57s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
57s A␣parsing␣strategy.)
57s Block␣quotes
57s A␣block␣quote␣marker␣
57s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣>␣together
57s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣>␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
57s The␣following␣rules␣define␣block␣quotes:
57s
57s
57s Basic␣case.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣sequence
57s of␣blocks␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣block␣quote
57s marker␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣Ls
57s is␣a␣block␣quote␣containing␣Bs.
Laziness.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣block
57s quote␣with␣contents␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
57s the␣initial␣block␣quote␣marker␣from␣one␣or
57s more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣block
57s quote␣marker␣is␣paragraph␣continuation
57s text␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣Bs␣as
57s its␣content.␣␣
57s Paragraph␣continuation␣text␣is␣text
57s that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
57s not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
Consecutiveness.␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣block
57s quotes␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣blank
57s line␣between␣them.
57s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote.
57s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
57s
57s Test #129
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>#␣Foo
57s >bar
57s >␣baz
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThe␣spaces␣after␣the␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
57s
57s Test #130
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s The␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
57s ␣␣␣>␣bar
57s ␣>␣baz
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThe␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
57s
57s Test #131
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Four␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m␣␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
57s ␣␣␣␣>␣bar
57s ␣␣␣␣>␣baz
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mFour␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
57s
57s Test #132
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s The␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣`>`␣before␣a
57s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣#␣Foo
57s >␣bar
57s baz
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mThe␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣>␣before␣a
57s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
57s
57s Test #133
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
57s continuation␣lines:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣bar
57s baz
57s >␣foo
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
57s continuation␣lines:
57s
57s Test #134
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s Laziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
57s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
57s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣foo
57s ---
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mLaziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
57s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
57s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
57s
57s Test #135
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣-␣foo
57s -␣bar
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #136
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣␣␣␣␣foo
57s ␣␣␣␣bar
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #137
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m>␣```
57s foo
57s ```
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s Test #138
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m[93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
57s
57s Test #139
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s Test #140
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣block␣quote␣can␣have␣initial␣or␣final␣blank␣lines:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s Test #141
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣blank␣line␣always␣separates␣block␣quotes:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s Test #142
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s bar
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s (Most␣current␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣John␣Gruber's
57s original␣`Markdown.pl`,␣will␣parse␣this␣example␣as␣a␣single␣block␣quote
57s with␣two␣paragraphs.␣␣But␣it␣seems␣better␣to␣allow␣the␣author␣to␣decide
57s whether␣two␣block␣quotes␣or␣one␣are␣wanted.)
57s
57s Consecutiveness␣means␣that␣if␣we␣put␣these␣block␣quotes␣together,
57s we␣get␣a␣single␣block␣quote:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s bar
57s
57s
57s Test #143
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s To␣get␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣two␣paragraphs,␣use:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s Test #144
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Block␣quotes␣can␣interrupt␣paragraphs:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s Test #145
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0mfoo
57s
57s bar
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s In␣general,␣blank␣lines␣are␣not␣needed␣before␣or␣after␣block
57s quotes:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mfoo
57s
57s bar
57s
57s
57s Test #146
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s aaa
57s
57s
57s
57s bbb
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s However,␣because␣of␣laziness,␣a␣blank␣line␣is␣needed␣between
57s a␣block␣quote␣and␣a␣following␣paragraph:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s aaa
57s
57s
57s
57s bbb
57s
57s
57s Test #147
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s bar
57s baz
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s bar
57s baz
57s
57s
57s Test #148
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s bar
57s
57s baz
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s bar
57s
57s baz
57s
57s Test #149
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s bar
57s
57s baz
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s It␣is␣a␣consequence␣of␣the␣Laziness␣rule␣that␣any␣number
57s of␣initial␣`>`s␣may␣be␣omitted␣on␣a␣continuation␣line␣of␣a
57s nested␣block␣quote:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s bar
57s
57s baz
57s
57s Test #150
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #151
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s foo
57s bar
57s baz
57s
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s When␣including␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣in␣a␣block␣quote,
57s remember␣that␣the␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣includes
57s both␣the␣`>`␣and␣a␣following␣space.␣␣So␣*five␣spaces*␣are␣needed␣after
57s the␣`>`:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s foo
57s bar
57s baz
57s
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #152
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s code
57s
57s
57s
57s not␣code
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s ##␣List␣items
57s
57s A␣[list␣marker](#list-marker)␣␣is␣a
57s [bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣or␣an␣[ordered␣list
57s marker](#ordered-list-marker).
57s
57s A␣[bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣
57s is␣a␣`-`,␣`+`,␣or␣`*`␣character.
57s
57s An␣[ordered␣list␣marker](#ordered-list-marker)␣
57s is␣a␣sequence␣of␣one␣of␣more␣digits␣(`0-9`),␣followed␣by␣either␣a
57s `.`␣character␣or␣a␣`)`␣character.
57s
57s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[list␣items](#list-item):
57s
57s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of
57s ␣␣␣␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣a␣non-space␣character␣and␣not␣separated
57s ␣␣␣␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list
57s ␣␣␣␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by␣0␣<␣*N*␣<␣5␣spaces,␣then␣the␣result
57s ␣␣␣␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following␣spaces␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of
57s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣N*␣spaces,␣is␣a
57s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the␣list␣item
57s ␣␣␣␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list␣marker.
57s ␣␣␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a␣start
57s ␣␣␣␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
57s
57s For␣example,␣let␣*Ls*␣be␣the␣lines
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s code
57s
57s
57s
57s not␣code
57s
57s
57s Test #153
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0mA␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s And␣let␣*M*␣be␣the␣marker␣`1.`,␣and␣*N*␣=␣2.␣␣Then␣rule␣#1␣says
57s that␣the␣following␣is␣an␣ordered␣list␣item␣with␣start␣number␣1,
57s and␣the␣same␣contents␣as␣*Ls*:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mA␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s Test #154
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s The␣most␣important␣thing␣to␣notice␣is␣that␣the␣position␣of
57s the␣text␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determines␣how␣much␣indentation
57s is␣needed␣in␣subsequent␣blocks␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣␣If␣the␣list
57s marker␣takes␣up␣two␣spaces,␣and␣there␣are␣three␣spaces␣between
57s the␣list␣marker␣and␣the␣next␣nonspace␣character,␣then␣blocks
57s must␣be␣indented␣five␣spaces␣in␣order␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
57s item.
57s
57s Here␣are␣some␣examples␣showing␣how␣far␣content␣must␣be␣indented␣to␣be
57s put␣under␣the␣list␣item:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s Test #155
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s two
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s two
57s
57s Test #156
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #157
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s ␣two
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s ␣two
57s
57s
57s Test #158
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s It␣is␣tempting␣to␣think␣of␣this␣in␣terms␣of␣columns:␣␣the␣continuation
57s blocks␣must␣be␣indented␣at␣least␣to␣the␣column␣of␣the␣first␣nonspace
57s character␣after␣the␣list␣marker.␣␣However,␣that␣is␣not␣quite␣right.
57s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determine␣how␣much␣relative␣indentation
57s is␣needed.␣␣Which␣column␣this␣indentation␣reaches␣will␣depend␣on
57s how␣the␣list␣item␣is␣embedded␣in␣other␣constructions,␣as␣shown␣by
57s this␣example:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #159
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s one
57s two
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Here␣`two`␣occurs␣in␣the␣same␣column␣as␣the␣list␣marker␣`1.`,
57s but␣is␣actually␣contained␣in␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣there␣is
57s sufficent␣indentation␣after␣the␣last␣containing␣blockquote␣marker.
57s
57s The␣converse␣is␣also␣possible.␣␣In␣the␣following␣example,␣the␣word␣`two`
57s occurs␣far␣to␣the␣right␣of␣the␣initial␣text␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣`one`,␣but
57s it␣is␣not␣considered␣part␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣it␣is␣not␣indented
57s far␣enough␣past␣the␣blockquote␣marker:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s one
57s two
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #160
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s two
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣list␣item␣may␣not␣contain␣blocks␣that␣are␣separated␣by␣more␣than
57s one␣blank␣line.␣␣Thus,␣two␣blank␣lines␣will␣end␣a␣list,␣unless␣the
57s two␣blanks␣are␣contained␣in␣a␣[fenced␣code␣block](#fenced-code-block).
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s two
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #161
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
foo
57s bar
57s
57s foo
57s
57s
57s bar
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣list␣item␣may␣contain␣any␣kind␣of␣block:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s Test #162
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s baz
57s
57s bam
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s 2.␣␣**Item␣starting␣with␣indented␣code.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*
57s ␣␣␣␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣an␣indented␣code
57s ␣␣␣␣block␣and␣not␣separated␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,
57s ␣␣␣␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by
57s ␣␣␣␣one␣space,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following
57s ␣␣␣␣space␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of
57s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣1*␣spaces,␣is␣a␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.
57s ␣␣␣␣If␣a␣line␣is␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the
57s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list
57s ␣␣␣␣marker.␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a
57s ␣␣␣␣start␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
57s
57s An␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣have␣to␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces␣beyond
57s the␣edge␣of␣the␣region␣where␣text␣will␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
57s In␣the␣following␣case␣that␣is␣6␣spaces:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s baz
57s
57s bam
57s
57s
57s Test #163
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s And␣in␣this␣case␣it␣is␣11␣spaces:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #164
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s If␣the␣*first*␣block␣in␣the␣list␣item␣is␣an␣indented␣code␣block,
57s then␣by␣rule␣#2,␣the␣contents␣must␣be␣indented␣*one*␣space␣after␣the
57s list␣marker:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s bar
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #165
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0mindented␣code
57s
57s paragraph
57s more␣code
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mindented␣code
57s
57s paragraph
57s more␣code
57s
57s
57s Test #166
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s indented␣code
57s
57s paragraph
57s more␣code
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Note␣that␣an␣additional␣space␣indent␣is␣interpreted␣as␣space
57s inside␣the␣code␣block:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s indented␣code
57s
57s paragraph
57s more␣code
57s
57s
57s Test #167
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s ␣indented␣code
57s
57s paragraph
57s more␣code
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Note␣that␣rules␣#1␣and␣#2␣only␣apply␣to␣two␣cases:␣␣(a)␣cases
57s in␣which␣the␣lines␣to␣be␣included␣in␣a␣list␣item␣begin␣with␣a␣nonspace
57s character,␣and␣(b)␣cases␣in␣which␣they␣begin␣with␣an␣indented␣code
57s block.␣␣In␣a␣case␣like␣the␣following,␣where␣the␣first␣block␣begins␣with
57s a␣three-space␣indent,␣the␣rules␣do␣not␣allow␣us␣to␣form␣a␣list␣item␣by
57s indenting␣the␣whole␣thing␣and␣prepending␣a␣list␣marker:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s ␣indented␣code
57s
57s paragraph
57s more␣code
57s
57s
57s Test #168
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0mfoo
57s bar
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0mfoo
57s bar
57s
57s Test #169
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s bar
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s This␣is␣not␣a␣significant␣restriction,␣because␣when␣a␣block␣begins
57s with␣1-3␣spaces␣indent,␣the␣indentation␣can␣always␣be␣removed␣without
57s a␣change␣in␣interpretation,␣allowing␣rule␣#1␣to␣be␣applied.␣␣So,␣in
57s the␣above␣case:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s bar
57s
57s Test #170
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s 3.␣␣**Indentation.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitutes␣a␣list␣item
57s ␣␣␣␣according␣to␣rule␣#1␣or␣#2,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣indenting␣each␣line
57s ␣␣␣␣of␣*L*␣by␣1-3␣spaces␣(the␣same␣for␣each␣line)␣also␣constitutes␣a
57s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.␣␣If␣a␣line␣is
57s ␣␣␣␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.
57s
57s Indented␣one␣space:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #171
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Indented␣two␣spaces:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s Test #172
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Indented␣three␣spaces:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s Test #173
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Four␣spaces␣indent␣gives␣a␣code␣block:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s Test #174
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
57s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
57s
57s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣indented␣code
57s
57s ␣␣␣␣>␣A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s 4.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[list
57s ␣␣␣␣item](#list-item)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
57s ␣␣␣␣some␣or␣all␣of␣the␣indentation␣from␣one␣or␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the
57s ␣␣␣␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣indentation␣is
57s ␣␣␣␣[paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a
57s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.
57s
57s Here␣is␣an␣example␣with␣lazy␣continuation␣lines:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
57s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
57s ␣␣␣␣indented␣code
57s
57s >␣A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #175
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Indentation␣can␣be␣partially␣deleted:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s indented␣code
57s
57s
57s A␣block␣quote.
57s
57s
57s Test #176
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s - A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s These␣examples␣show␣how␣laziness␣can␣work␣in␣nested␣structures:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s - A␣paragraph
57s with␣two␣lines.
57s
57s
57s Test #177
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s Blockquote
57s continued␣here.
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s Blockquote
57s continued␣here.
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #178
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s Blockquote
57s continued␣here.
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s 5.␣␣**That's␣all.**␣Nothing␣that␣is␣not␣counted␣as␣a␣list␣item␣by␣rules
57s ␣␣␣␣#1--4␣counts␣as␣a␣[list␣item](#list-item).
57s
57s The␣rules␣for␣sublists␣follow␣from␣the␣general␣rules␣above.␣␣A␣sublist
57s must␣be␣indented␣the␣same␣number␣of␣spaces␣a␣paragraph␣would␣need␣to␣be
57s in␣order␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
57s
57s So,␣in␣this␣case␣we␣need␣two␣spaces␣indent:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s Blockquote
57s continued␣here.
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #179
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s One␣is␣not␣enough:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #180
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s - foo
57s - bar
57s - baz
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Here␣we␣need␣four,␣because␣the␣list␣marker␣is␣wider:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s - foo
57s - bar
57s - baz
57s
57s
57s Test #181
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s Three␣is␣not␣enough:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #182
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣list␣may␣be␣the␣first␣block␣in␣a␣list␣item:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s foo
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #183
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #184
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s A␣list␣item␣may␣be␣empty:
57s
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s
57s
57s
57s Test #185
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s Test #186
57s [91mcross[0m
57s [93m=== markdown ===============
57s [0m
57s [93m
57s === expected ===============
57s [0m
57s ###␣Motivation
57s
57s John␣Gruber's␣Markdown␣spec␣says␣the␣following␣about␣list␣items:
57s
57s 1.␣"List␣markers␣typically␣start␣at␣the␣left␣margin,␣but␣may␣be␣indented
57s ␣␣␣by␣up␣to␣three␣spaces.␣List␣markers␣must␣be␣followed␣by␣one␣or␣more
57s ␣␣␣spaces␣or␣a␣tab."
57s
57s 2.␣"To␣make␣lists␣look␣nice,␣you␣can␣wrap␣items␣with␣hanging␣indents....
57s ␣␣␣But␣if␣you␣don't␣want␣to,␣you␣don't␣have␣to."
57s
57s 3.␣"List␣items␣may␣consist␣of␣multiple␣paragraphs.␣Each␣subsequent
57s ␣␣␣paragraph␣in␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented␣by␣either␣4␣spaces␣or␣one
57s ␣␣␣tab."
57s
57s 4.␣"It␣looks␣nice␣if␣you␣indent␣every␣line␣of␣the␣subsequent␣paragraphs,
57s ␣␣␣but␣here␣again,␣Markdown␣will␣allow␣you␣to␣be␣lazy."
57s
57s 5.␣"To␣put␣a␣blockquote␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣blockquote's␣`>`
57s ␣␣␣delimiters␣need␣to␣be␣indented."
57s
57s 6.␣"To␣put␣a␣code␣block␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣code␣block␣needs␣to␣be
57s ␣␣␣indented␣twice␣—␣8␣spaces␣or␣two␣tabs."
57s
57s These␣rules␣specify␣that␣a␣paragraph␣under␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented
57s four␣spaces␣(presumably,␣from␣the␣left␣margin,␣rather␣than␣the␣start␣of
57s the␣list␣marker,␣but␣this␣is␣not␣said),␣and␣that␣code␣under␣a␣list␣item
57s must␣be␣indented␣eight␣spaces␣instead␣of␣the␣usual␣four.␣␣They␣also␣say
57s that␣a␣block␣quote␣must␣be␣indented,␣but␣not␣by␣how␣much;␣however,␣the
57s example␣given␣has␣four␣spaces␣indentation.␣␣Although␣nothing␣is␣said
57s about␣other␣kinds␣of␣block-level␣content,␣it␣is␣certainly␣reasonable␣to
57s infer␣that␣*all*␣block␣elements␣under␣a␣list␣item,␣including␣other
57s lists,␣must␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces.␣␣This␣principle␣has␣been␣called␣the
57s *four-space␣rule*.
57s
57s The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣and␣principled,␣and␣if␣the␣reference
57s implementation␣`Markdown.pl`␣had␣followed␣it,␣it␣probably␣would␣have
57s become␣the␣standard.␣␣However,␣`Markdown.pl`␣allowed␣paragraphs␣and
57s sublists␣to␣start␣with␣only␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣at␣least␣on␣the
57s outer␣level.␣␣Worse,␣its␣behavior␣was␣inconsistent:␣a␣sublist␣of␣an
57s outer-level␣list␣needed␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣but␣a␣sublist␣of␣this
57s sublist␣needed␣three␣spaces.␣␣It␣is␣not␣surprising,␣then,␣that␣different
57s implementations␣of␣Markdown␣have␣developed␣very␣different␣rules␣for
57s determining␣what␣comes␣under␣a␣list␣item.␣␣(Pandoc␣and␣python-Markdown,
57s for␣example,␣stuck␣with␣Gruber's␣syntax␣description␣and␣the␣four-space
57s rule,␣while␣discount,␣redcarpet,␣marked,␣PHP␣Markdown,␣and␣others
57s followed␣`Markdown.pl`'s␣behavior␣more␣closely.)
57s
57s Unfortunately,␣given␣the␣divergences␣between␣implementations,␣there
57s is␣no␣way␣to␣give␣a␣spec␣for␣list␣items␣that␣will␣be␣guaranteed␣not
57s to␣break␣any␣existing␣documents.␣␣However,␣the␣spec␣given␣here␣should
57s correctly␣handle␣lists␣formatted␣with␣either␣the␣four-space␣rule␣or
57s the␣more␣forgiving␣`Markdown.pl`␣behavior,␣provided␣they␣are␣laid␣out
57s in␣a␣way␣that␣is␣natural␣for␣a␣human␣to␣read.
57s
57s The␣strategy␣here␣is␣to␣let␣the␣width␣and␣indentation␣of␣the␣list␣marker
57s determine␣the␣indentation␣necessary␣for␣blocks␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
57s item,␣rather␣than␣having␣a␣fixed␣and␣arbitrary␣number.␣␣The␣writer␣can
57s think␣of␣the␣body␣of␣the␣list␣item␣as␣a␣unit␣which␣gets␣indented␣to␣the
57s right␣enough␣to␣fit␣the␣list␣marker␣(and␣any␣indentation␣on␣the␣list
57s marker).␣␣(The␣laziness␣rule,␣#4,␣then␣allows␣continuation␣lines␣to␣be
57s unindented␣if␣needed.)
57s
57s This␣rule␣is␣superior,␣we␣claim,␣to␣any␣rule␣requiring␣a␣fixed␣level␣of
57s indentation␣from␣the␣margin.␣␣The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣but
57s unnatural.␣It␣is␣quite␣unintuitive␣that
57s
57s ```␣markdown
57s -␣foo
57s
57s ␣␣bar
57s
57s ␣␣-␣baz
57s ```
57s
57s should␣be␣parsed␣as␣two␣lists␣with␣an␣intervening␣paragraph,
57s
57s ```␣html
57s
57s bar
57s
57s ```
57s
57s as␣the␣four-space␣rule␣demands,␣rather␣than␣a␣single␣list,
57s
57s ```␣html
57s
57s ```
57s
57s The␣choice␣of␣four␣spaces␣is␣arbitrary.␣␣It␣can␣be␣learned,␣but␣it␣is
57s not␣likely␣to␣be␣guessed,␣and␣it␣trips␣up␣beginners␣regularly.
57s
57s Would␣it␣help␣to␣adopt␣a␣two-space␣rule?␣␣The␣problem␣is␣that␣such
57s a␣rule,␣together␣with␣the␣rule␣allowing␣1--3␣spaces␣indentation␣of␣the
57s initial␣list␣marker,␣allows␣text␣that␣is␣indented␣*less␣than*␣the
57s original␣list␣marker␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣For␣example,
57s `Markdown.pl`␣parses
57s
57s ```␣markdown
57s ␣␣␣-␣one
57s
57s ␣␣two
57s ```
57s
57s as␣a␣single␣list␣item,␣with␣`two`␣a␣continuation␣paragraph:
57s
57s ```␣html
57s
57s ```
57s
57s and␣similarly
57s
57s ```␣markdown
57s >␣␣␣-␣one
57s [93m
57s === got ====================
57s [0m
57s
57s [95m[Lists][0m
57s Test #187
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #188
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #189
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #190
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #191
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #192
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #193
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #194
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #195
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #196
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #197
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #198
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #199
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #200
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #201
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #202
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #203
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #204
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #205
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #206
57s [92mtick[0m
57s [95m[Inlines][0m
57s Test #207
57s [92mtick[0m
57s [95m[Backslash escapes][0m
57s Test #208
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #209
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #210
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #211
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #212
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #213
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #214
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #215
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #216
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #217
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #218
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #219
57s [92mtick[0m
57s Test #220
57s [92mtick[0m
57s [95m[Entities][0m
57s Test #221
57s [92mtick[0m
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57s 349 tests passed, 95 failed
57s runtime: 0.027988081999999997s
57s autopkgtest [17:21:32]: test command1: -----------------------]
57s command1 PASS
57s autopkgtest [17:21:32]: test command1: - - - - - - - - - - results - - - - - - - - - -
57s autopkgtest [17:21:32]: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ summary
57s command1 PASS