`,␣``,␣``,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
256s >␣surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
256s >␣block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
256s
256s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
256s here:
256s
256s -␣It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
256s -␣It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
256s -␣It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
256s ␣␣be␣indented.
256s
256s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
256s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
256s
256s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
256s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
256s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
256s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
256s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
256s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
256s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
256s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s *Emphasized*␣text.
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThis␣rule␣differs␣from␣John␣Gruber's␣original␣Markdown␣syntax
256s specification,␣which␣says:
256s
256s The␣only␣restrictions␣are␣that␣block-level␣HTML␣elements␣—
256s e.g.␣<div>,␣<table>,␣<pre>,␣<p>,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
256s surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
256s block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
256s
256s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
256s here:
256s
256s - It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
256s - It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
256s - It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
256s be␣indented.
256s
256s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
256s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
256s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
256s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
256s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
256s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
256s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
256s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
256s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
256s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
256s
256s Test #99
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Compare:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s *Emphasized*␣text.
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mCompare:
256s
256s Test #100
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Some␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
256s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
256s the␣attribute␣`markdown=1`.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
256s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
256s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
256s
256s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
256s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
256s *in␣most␣cases*␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
256s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s
256s |
256s Hi
256s |
256s
256s
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mSome␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
256s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
256s the␣attribute␣markdown=1.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
256s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
256s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
256s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
256s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
256s in␣most␣cases␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
256s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
256s
256s Test #101
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Moreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
256s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣``␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
256s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣`
`␣entities.
256s
256s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
256s
256s ##␣Link␣reference␣definitions
256s
256s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)
256s ␣consists␣of␣a␣[link
256s label](#link-label),␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
256s by␣a␣colon␣(`:`),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
256s newline),␣a␣[link␣destination](#link-destination),␣optional
256s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣[link
256s title](#link-title),␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
256s from␣the␣[link␣destination](#link-destination)␣by␣whitespace.
256s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
256s
256s A␣[link␣reference-definition](#link-reference-definition)
256s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
256s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣[reference␣links](#reference-link)
256s and␣reference-style␣[images](#image)␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
256s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
256s them.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
256s
256s [foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mMoreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
256s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣<pre>␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
256s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣ ␣entities.
256s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
256s Link␣reference␣definitions
256s A␣link␣reference␣definition
256s ␣consists␣of␣a␣link
256s label,␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
256s by␣a␣colon␣(:),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
256s newline),␣a␣link␣destination,␣optional
256s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣link
256s title,␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
256s from␣the␣link␣destination␣by␣whitespace.
256s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
256s A␣link␣reference-definition
256s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
256s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣reference␣links
256s and␣reference-style␣images␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
256s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
256s them.
256s
256s Test #102
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣␣[foo]:␣
256s ␣␣␣␣␣␣/url␣␣
256s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣'the␣title'␣␣
256s
256s [foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #103
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url)␣'title␣(with␣parens)'
256s
256s [Foo*bar\]]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #104
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[Foo␣bar]:
256s
256s 'title'
256s
256s [Foo␣bar]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #105
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s The␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]:
256s /url
256s
256s [foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThe␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
256s
256s Test #106
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s The␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]:
256s
256s [foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThe␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
256s
256s Test #107
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]
256s
256s [foo]:␣url
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mA␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
256s
256s Test #108
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s If␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
256s precedence:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]
256s
256s [foo]:␣first
256s [foo]:␣second
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mIf␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
256s precedence:
256s
256s Test #109
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s As␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
256s case-insensitive␣(see␣[matches](#matches)).
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[FOO]:␣/url
256s
256s [Foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mAs␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
256s case-insensitive␣(see␣matches).
256s
256s Test #110
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[ΑΓΩ]:␣/φου
256s
256s [αγω]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #111
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Here␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
256s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]:␣/url
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mHere␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
256s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
256s
256s Test #112
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
256s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"␣ok
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
256s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
256s
256s Test #113
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
256s four␣spaces:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣␣␣[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
256s
256s [foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
256s four␣spaces:
256s
256s Test #114
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
256s a␣code␣block:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m```
256s [foo]:␣/url
256s ```
256s
256s [foo]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
256s a␣code␣block:
256s
256s Test #115
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)␣cannot
256s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0mFoo
256s [bar]:␣/baz
256s
256s [bar]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mA␣link␣reference␣definition␣cannot
256s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
256s
256s Test #116
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s However,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
256s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m#␣[Foo]
256s [foo]:␣/url
256s >␣bar
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mHowever,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
256s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
256s
256s Test #117
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Several␣[link␣references](#link-reference)␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
256s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]:␣/foo-url␣"foo"
256s [bar]:␣/bar-url
256s ␣␣"bar"
256s [baz]:␣/baz-url
256s
256s [foo],
256s [bar],
256s [baz]
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mSeveral␣link␣references␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
256s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
256s
256s Test #118
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [Link␣reference␣definitions](#link-reference-definition)␣can␣occur
256s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
256s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
256s are␣defined:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[foo]
256s
256s >␣[foo]:␣/url
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mLink␣reference␣definitions␣can␣occur
256s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
256s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
256s are␣defined:
256s
256s Test #119
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s ##␣Paragraphs
256s
256s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
256s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣[paragraph](#paragraph).
256s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
256s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
256s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
256s spaces.
256s
256s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0maaa
256s
256s bbb
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mParagraphs
256s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
256s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣paragraph.
256s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
256s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
256s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
256s spaces.
256s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
256s
256s Test #120
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Paragraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0maaa
256s bbb
256s
256s ccc
256s ddd
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mParagraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
256s
256s Test #121
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Multiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0maaa
256s
256s
256s bbb
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mMultiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
256s
256s Test #122
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Leading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣aaa
256s ␣bbb
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mLeading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
256s
256s Test #123
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Lines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
256s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0maaa
256s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣bbb
256s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ccc
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mLines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
256s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
256s
256s Test #124
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s However,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
256s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣␣aaa
256s bbb
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mHowever,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
256s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
256s
256s Test #125
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣␣␣aaa
256s bbb
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #126
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Final␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
256s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
256s break:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0maaa␣␣␣␣␣
256s bbb␣␣␣␣␣
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mFinal␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
256s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
256s break:
256s
256s Test #127
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s ##␣Blank␣lines
256s
256s [Blank␣lines](#blank-line)␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
256s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣[list](#list)
256s is␣[tight](#tight)␣or␣[loose](#loose).
256s
256s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣
256s
256s aaa
256s ␣␣
256s
256s #␣aaa
256s
256s ␣␣
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mBlank␣lines
256s Blank␣lines␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
256s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣list
256s is␣tight␣or␣loose.
256s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
256s
256s Test #128
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s #␣Container␣blocks
256s
256s A␣[container␣block](#container-block)␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
256s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
256s [block␣quotes](#block-quote)␣and␣[list␣items](#list-item).
256s [Lists](#list)␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣[list␣items](#list-item).
256s
256s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
256s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
256s
256s >␣If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
256s >␣transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
256s >␣with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
256s
256s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
256s how␣these␣can␣be␣*generated*␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
256s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣*parsing*
256s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
256s [A␣parsing␣strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
256s
256s ##␣Block␣quotes
256s
256s A␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣
256s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣`>`␣together
256s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣`>`␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
256s
256s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[block␣quotes](#block-quote):
256s
256s
256s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence
256s ␣␣␣␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣[block␣quote
256s ␣␣␣␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣*Ls*
256s ␣␣␣␣is␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote)␣containing␣*Bs*.
256s
256s 2.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[block
256s ␣␣␣␣quote](#block-quote)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
256s ␣␣␣␣the␣initial␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣from␣one␣or
256s ␣␣␣␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣[block
256s ␣␣␣␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣is␣[paragraph␣continuation
256s ␣␣␣␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣*Bs*␣as
256s ␣␣␣␣its␣content.␣␣
256s ␣␣␣␣[Paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣text
256s ␣␣␣␣that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
256s ␣␣␣␣not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
256s
256s 3.␣␣**Consecutiveness.**␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣[block
256s ␣␣␣␣quotes](#block-quote)␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣[blank
256s ␣␣␣␣line](#blank-line)␣between␣them.
256s
256s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote).
256s
256s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣#␣Foo
256s >␣bar
256s >␣baz
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mContainer␣blocks
256s A␣container␣block␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
256s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
256s block␣quotes␣and␣list␣items.
256s Lists␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣list␣items.
256s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
256s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
256s
256s If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
256s transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
256s with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
256s
256s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
256s how␣these␣can␣be␣generated␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
256s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣parsing
256s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
256s A␣parsing␣strategy.)
256s Block␣quotes
256s A␣block␣quote␣marker␣
256s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣>␣together
256s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣>␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
256s The␣following␣rules␣define␣block␣quotes:
256s
256s
256s Basic␣case.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣sequence
256s of␣blocks␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣block␣quote
256s marker␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣Ls
256s is␣a␣block␣quote␣containing␣Bs.
Laziness.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣block
256s quote␣with␣contents␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
256s the␣initial␣block␣quote␣marker␣from␣one␣or
256s more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣block
256s quote␣marker␣is␣paragraph␣continuation
256s text␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣Bs␣as
256s its␣content.␣␣
256s Paragraph␣continuation␣text␣is␣text
256s that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
256s not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
Consecutiveness.␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣block
256s quotes␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣blank
256s line␣between␣them.
256s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote.
256s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
256s
256s Test #129
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>#␣Foo
256s >bar
256s >␣baz
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThe␣spaces␣after␣the␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
256s
256s Test #130
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s The␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
256s ␣␣␣>␣bar
256s ␣>␣baz
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThe␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
256s
256s Test #131
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Four␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m␣␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
256s ␣␣␣␣>␣bar
256s ␣␣␣␣>␣baz
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mFour␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
256s
256s Test #132
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s The␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣`>`␣before␣a
256s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣#␣Foo
256s >␣bar
256s baz
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mThe␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣>␣before␣a
256s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
256s
256s Test #133
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
256s continuation␣lines:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣bar
256s baz
256s >␣foo
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
256s continuation␣lines:
256s
256s Test #134
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s Laziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
256s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
256s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣foo
256s ---
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mLaziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
256s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
256s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
256s
256s Test #135
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣-␣foo
256s -␣bar
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #136
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣␣␣␣␣foo
256s ␣␣␣␣bar
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #137
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m>␣```
256s foo
256s ```
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s Test #138
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m[93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
256s
256s Test #139
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s Test #140
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣block␣quote␣can␣have␣initial␣or␣final␣blank␣lines:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s Test #141
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣blank␣line␣always␣separates␣block␣quotes:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s Test #142
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s (Most␣current␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣John␣Gruber's
256s original␣`Markdown.pl`,␣will␣parse␣this␣example␣as␣a␣single␣block␣quote
256s with␣two␣paragraphs.␣␣But␣it␣seems␣better␣to␣allow␣the␣author␣to␣decide
256s whether␣two␣block␣quotes␣or␣one␣are␣wanted.)
256s
256s Consecutiveness␣means␣that␣if␣we␣put␣these␣block␣quotes␣together,
256s we␣get␣a␣single␣block␣quote:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s bar
256s
256s
256s Test #143
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s To␣get␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣two␣paragraphs,␣use:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s Test #144
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Block␣quotes␣can␣interrupt␣paragraphs:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s Test #145
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0mfoo
256s
256s bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s In␣general,␣blank␣lines␣are␣not␣needed␣before␣or␣after␣block
256s quotes:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mfoo
256s
256s bar
256s
256s
256s Test #146
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s aaa
256s
256s
256s
256s bbb
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s However,␣because␣of␣laziness,␣a␣blank␣line␣is␣needed␣between
256s a␣block␣quote␣and␣a␣following␣paragraph:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s aaa
256s
256s
256s
256s bbb
256s
256s
256s Test #147
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s bar
256s baz
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s bar
256s baz
256s
256s
256s Test #148
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s bar
256s
256s baz
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s bar
256s
256s baz
256s
256s Test #149
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s bar
256s
256s baz
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s It␣is␣a␣consequence␣of␣the␣Laziness␣rule␣that␣any␣number
256s of␣initial␣`>`s␣may␣be␣omitted␣on␣a␣continuation␣line␣of␣a
256s nested␣block␣quote:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s bar
256s
256s baz
256s
256s Test #150
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #151
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s foo
256s bar
256s baz
256s
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s When␣including␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣in␣a␣block␣quote,
256s remember␣that␣the␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣includes
256s both␣the␣`>`␣and␣a␣following␣space.␣␣So␣*five␣spaces*␣are␣needed␣after
256s the␣`>`:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s foo
256s bar
256s baz
256s
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #152
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s code
256s
256s
256s
256s not␣code
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s ##␣List␣items
256s
256s A␣[list␣marker](#list-marker)␣␣is␣a
256s [bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣or␣an␣[ordered␣list
256s marker](#ordered-list-marker).
256s
256s A␣[bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣
256s is␣a␣`-`,␣`+`,␣or␣`*`␣character.
256s
256s An␣[ordered␣list␣marker](#ordered-list-marker)␣
256s is␣a␣sequence␣of␣one␣of␣more␣digits␣(`0-9`),␣followed␣by␣either␣a
256s `.`␣character␣or␣a␣`)`␣character.
256s
256s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[list␣items](#list-item):
256s
256s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of
256s ␣␣␣␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣a␣non-space␣character␣and␣not␣separated
256s ␣␣␣␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list
256s ␣␣␣␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by␣0␣<␣*N*␣<␣5␣spaces,␣then␣the␣result
256s ␣␣␣␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following␣spaces␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of
256s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣N*␣spaces,␣is␣a
256s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the␣list␣item
256s ␣␣␣␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list␣marker.
256s ␣␣␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a␣start
256s ␣␣␣␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
256s
256s For␣example,␣let␣*Ls*␣be␣the␣lines
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s code
256s
256s
256s
256s not␣code
256s
256s
256s Test #153
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0mA␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s And␣let␣*M*␣be␣the␣marker␣`1.`,␣and␣*N*␣=␣2.␣␣Then␣rule␣#1␣says
256s that␣the␣following␣is␣an␣ordered␣list␣item␣with␣start␣number␣1,
256s and␣the␣same␣contents␣as␣*Ls*:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mA␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s Test #154
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s The␣most␣important␣thing␣to␣notice␣is␣that␣the␣position␣of
256s the␣text␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determines␣how␣much␣indentation
256s is␣needed␣in␣subsequent␣blocks␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣␣If␣the␣list
256s marker␣takes␣up␣two␣spaces,␣and␣there␣are␣three␣spaces␣between
256s the␣list␣marker␣and␣the␣next␣nonspace␣character,␣then␣blocks
256s must␣be␣indented␣five␣spaces␣in␣order␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
256s item.
256s
256s Here␣are␣some␣examples␣showing␣how␣far␣content␣must␣be␣indented␣to␣be
256s put␣under␣the␣list␣item:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s Test #155
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s two
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s two
256s
256s Test #156
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s Test #157
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s ␣two
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s ␣two
256s
256s
256s Test #158
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s It␣is␣tempting␣to␣think␣of␣this␣in␣terms␣of␣columns:␣␣the␣continuation
256s blocks␣must␣be␣indented␣at␣least␣to␣the␣column␣of␣the␣first␣nonspace
256s character␣after␣the␣list␣marker.␣␣However,␣that␣is␣not␣quite␣right.
256s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determine␣how␣much␣relative␣indentation
256s is␣needed.␣␣Which␣column␣this␣indentation␣reaches␣will␣depend␣on
256s how␣the␣list␣item␣is␣embedded␣in␣other␣constructions,␣as␣shown␣by
256s this␣example:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s Test #159
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s one
256s two
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Here␣`two`␣occurs␣in␣the␣same␣column␣as␣the␣list␣marker␣`1.`,
256s but␣is␣actually␣contained␣in␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣there␣is
256s sufficent␣indentation␣after␣the␣last␣containing␣blockquote␣marker.
256s
256s The␣converse␣is␣also␣possible.␣␣In␣the␣following␣example,␣the␣word␣`two`
256s occurs␣far␣to␣the␣right␣of␣the␣initial␣text␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣`one`,␣but
256s it␣is␣not␣considered␣part␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣it␣is␣not␣indented
256s far␣enough␣past␣the␣blockquote␣marker:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s one
256s two
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #160
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s two
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣list␣item␣may␣not␣contain␣blocks␣that␣are␣separated␣by␣more␣than
256s one␣blank␣line.␣␣Thus,␣two␣blank␣lines␣will␣end␣a␣list,␣unless␣the
256s two␣blanks␣are␣contained␣in␣a␣[fenced␣code␣block](#fenced-code-block).
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s two
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #161
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
foo
256s bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣list␣item␣may␣contain␣any␣kind␣of␣block:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
foo
256s bar
256s
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s Test #162
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s baz
256s
256s bam
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s 2.␣␣**Item␣starting␣with␣indented␣code.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*
256s ␣␣␣␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣an␣indented␣code
256s ␣␣␣␣block␣and␣not␣separated␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,
256s ␣␣␣␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by
256s ␣␣␣␣one␣space,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following
256s ␣␣␣␣space␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of
256s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣1*␣spaces,␣is␣a␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.
256s ␣␣␣␣If␣a␣line␣is␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the
256s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list
256s ␣␣␣␣marker.␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a
256s ␣␣␣␣start␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
256s
256s An␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣have␣to␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces␣beyond
256s the␣edge␣of␣the␣region␣where␣text␣will␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
256s In␣the␣following␣case␣that␣is␣6␣spaces:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s baz
256s
256s bam
256s
256s
256s Test #163
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s And␣in␣this␣case␣it␣is␣11␣spaces:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s Test #164
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s If␣the␣*first*␣block␣in␣the␣list␣item␣is␣an␣indented␣code␣block,
256s then␣by␣rule␣#2,␣the␣contents␣must␣be␣indented␣*one*␣space␣after␣the
256s list␣marker:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #165
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0mindented␣code
256s
256s paragraph
256s more␣code
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mindented␣code
256s
256s paragraph
256s more␣code
256s
256s
256s Test #166
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s indented␣code
256s
256s paragraph
256s more␣code
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Note␣that␣an␣additional␣space␣indent␣is␣interpreted␣as␣space
256s inside␣the␣code␣block:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s indented␣code
256s
256s paragraph
256s more␣code
256s
256s
256s Test #167
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s ␣indented␣code
256s
256s paragraph
256s more␣code
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Note␣that␣rules␣#1␣and␣#2␣only␣apply␣to␣two␣cases:␣␣(a)␣cases
256s in␣which␣the␣lines␣to␣be␣included␣in␣a␣list␣item␣begin␣with␣a␣nonspace
256s character,␣and␣(b)␣cases␣in␣which␣they␣begin␣with␣an␣indented␣code
256s block.␣␣In␣a␣case␣like␣the␣following,␣where␣the␣first␣block␣begins␣with
256s a␣three-space␣indent,␣the␣rules␣do␣not␣allow␣us␣to␣form␣a␣list␣item␣by
256s indenting␣the␣whole␣thing␣and␣prepending␣a␣list␣marker:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s ␣indented␣code
256s
256s paragraph
256s more␣code
256s
256s
256s Test #168
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0mfoo
256s bar
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0mfoo
256s bar
256s
256s Test #169
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s bar
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s This␣is␣not␣a␣significant␣restriction,␣because␣when␣a␣block␣begins
256s with␣1-3␣spaces␣indent,␣the␣indentation␣can␣always␣be␣removed␣without
256s a␣change␣in␣interpretation,␣allowing␣rule␣#1␣to␣be␣applied.␣␣So,␣in
256s the␣above␣case:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s bar
256s
256s Test #170
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s 3.␣␣**Indentation.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitutes␣a␣list␣item
256s ␣␣␣␣according␣to␣rule␣#1␣or␣#2,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣indenting␣each␣line
256s ␣␣␣␣of␣*L*␣by␣1-3␣spaces␣(the␣same␣for␣each␣line)␣also␣constitutes␣a
256s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.␣␣If␣a␣line␣is
256s ␣␣␣␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.
256s
256s Indented␣one␣space:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s Test #171
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Indented␣two␣spaces:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s Test #172
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Indented␣three␣spaces:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s Test #173
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Four␣spaces␣indent␣gives␣a␣code␣block:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s Test #174
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
256s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
256s
256s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣indented␣code
256s
256s ␣␣␣␣>␣A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s 4.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[list
256s ␣␣␣␣item](#list-item)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
256s ␣␣␣␣some␣or␣all␣of␣the␣indentation␣from␣one␣or␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the
256s ␣␣␣␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣indentation␣is
256s ␣␣␣␣[paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a
256s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.
256s
256s Here␣is␣an␣example␣with␣lazy␣continuation␣lines:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
256s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
256s ␣␣␣␣indented␣code
256s
256s >␣A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #175
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Indentation␣can␣be␣partially␣deleted:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s indented␣code
256s
256s
256s A␣block␣quote.
256s
256s
256s Test #176
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s - A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s These␣examples␣show␣how␣laziness␣can␣work␣in␣nested␣structures:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s - A␣paragraph
256s with␣two␣lines.
256s
256s
256s Test #177
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s Blockquote
256s continued␣here.
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s Blockquote
256s continued␣here.
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #178
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s Blockquote
256s continued␣here.
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s 5.␣␣**That's␣all.**␣Nothing␣that␣is␣not␣counted␣as␣a␣list␣item␣by␣rules
256s ␣␣␣␣#1--4␣counts␣as␣a␣[list␣item](#list-item).
256s
256s The␣rules␣for␣sublists␣follow␣from␣the␣general␣rules␣above.␣␣A␣sublist
256s must␣be␣indented␣the␣same␣number␣of␣spaces␣a␣paragraph␣would␣need␣to␣be
256s in␣order␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
256s
256s So,␣in␣this␣case␣we␣need␣two␣spaces␣indent:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s Blockquote
256s continued␣here.
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #179
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s One␣is␣not␣enough:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s Test #180
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s - foo
256s - bar
256s - baz
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Here␣we␣need␣four,␣because␣the␣list␣marker␣is␣wider:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s - foo
256s - bar
256s - baz
256s
256s
256s Test #181
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s Three␣is␣not␣enough:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #182
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣list␣may␣be␣the␣first␣block␣in␣a␣list␣item:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s foo
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #183
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s Test #184
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s A␣list␣item␣may␣be␣empty:
256s
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s
256s
256s
256s Test #185
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s - foo
256s
256s - bar
256s
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s - foo
256s
256s - bar
256s
256s
256s Test #186
256s [91mcross[0m
256s [93m=== markdown ===============
256s [0m
256s [93m
256s === expected ===============
256s [0m
256s ###␣Motivation
256s
256s John␣Gruber's␣Markdown␣spec␣says␣the␣following␣about␣list␣items:
256s
256s 1.␣"List␣markers␣typically␣start␣at␣the␣left␣margin,␣but␣may␣be␣indented
256s ␣␣␣by␣up␣to␣three␣spaces.␣List␣markers␣must␣be␣followed␣by␣one␣or␣more
256s ␣␣␣spaces␣or␣a␣tab."
256s
256s 2.␣"To␣make␣lists␣look␣nice,␣you␣can␣wrap␣items␣with␣hanging␣indents....
256s ␣␣␣But␣if␣you␣don't␣want␣to,␣you␣don't␣have␣to."
256s
256s 3.␣"List␣items␣may␣consist␣of␣multiple␣paragraphs.␣Each␣subsequent
256s ␣␣␣paragraph␣in␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented␣by␣either␣4␣spaces␣or␣one
256s ␣␣␣tab."
256s
256s 4.␣"It␣looks␣nice␣if␣you␣indent␣every␣line␣of␣the␣subsequent␣paragraphs,
256s ␣␣␣but␣here␣again,␣Markdown␣will␣allow␣you␣to␣be␣lazy."
256s
256s 5.␣"To␣put␣a␣blockquote␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣blockquote's␣`>`
256s ␣␣␣delimiters␣need␣to␣be␣indented."
256s
256s 6.␣"To␣put␣a␣code␣block␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣code␣block␣needs␣to␣be
256s ␣␣␣indented␣twice␣—␣8␣spaces␣or␣two␣tabs."
256s
256s These␣rules␣specify␣that␣a␣paragraph␣under␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented
256s four␣spaces␣(presumably,␣from␣the␣left␣margin,␣rather␣than␣the␣start␣of
256s the␣list␣marker,␣but␣this␣is␣not␣said),␣and␣that␣code␣under␣a␣list␣item
256s must␣be␣indented␣eight␣spaces␣instead␣of␣the␣usual␣four.␣␣They␣also␣say
256s that␣a␣block␣quote␣must␣be␣indented,␣but␣not␣by␣how␣much;␣however,␣the
256s example␣given␣has␣four␣spaces␣indentation.␣␣Although␣nothing␣is␣said
256s about␣other␣kinds␣of␣block-level␣content,␣it␣is␣certainly␣reasonable␣to
256s infer␣that␣*all*␣block␣elements␣under␣a␣list␣item,␣including␣other
256s lists,␣must␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces.␣␣This␣principle␣has␣been␣called␣the
256s *four-space␣rule*.
256s
256s The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣and␣principled,␣and␣if␣the␣reference
256s implementation␣`Markdown.pl`␣had␣followed␣it,␣it␣probably␣would␣have
256s become␣the␣standard.␣␣However,␣`Markdown.pl`␣allowed␣paragraphs␣and
256s sublists␣to␣start␣with␣only␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣at␣least␣on␣the
256s outer␣level.␣␣Worse,␣its␣behavior␣was␣inconsistent:␣a␣sublist␣of␣an
256s outer-level␣list␣needed␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣but␣a␣sublist␣of␣this
256s sublist␣needed␣three␣spaces.␣␣It␣is␣not␣surprising,␣then,␣that␣different
256s implementations␣of␣Markdown␣have␣developed␣very␣different␣rules␣for
256s determining␣what␣comes␣under␣a␣list␣item.␣␣(Pandoc␣and␣python-Markdown,
256s for␣example,␣stuck␣with␣Gruber's␣syntax␣description␣and␣the␣four-space
256s rule,␣while␣discount,␣redcarpet,␣marked,␣PHP␣Markdown,␣and␣others
256s followed␣`Markdown.pl`'s␣behavior␣more␣closely.)
256s
256s Unfortunately,␣given␣the␣divergences␣between␣implementations,␣there
256s is␣no␣way␣to␣give␣a␣spec␣for␣list␣items␣that␣will␣be␣guaranteed␣not
256s to␣break␣any␣existing␣documents.␣␣However,␣the␣spec␣given␣here␣should
256s correctly␣handle␣lists␣formatted␣with␣either␣the␣four-space␣rule␣or
256s the␣more␣forgiving␣`Markdown.pl`␣behavior,␣provided␣they␣are␣laid␣out
256s in␣a␣way␣that␣is␣natural␣for␣a␣human␣to␣read.
256s
256s The␣strategy␣here␣is␣to␣let␣the␣width␣and␣indentation␣of␣the␣list␣marker
256s determine␣the␣indentation␣necessary␣for␣blocks␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
256s item,␣rather␣than␣having␣a␣fixed␣and␣arbitrary␣number.␣␣The␣writer␣can
256s think␣of␣the␣body␣of␣the␣list␣item␣as␣a␣unit␣which␣gets␣indented␣to␣the
256s right␣enough␣to␣fit␣the␣list␣marker␣(and␣any␣indentation␣on␣the␣list
256s marker).␣␣(The␣laziness␣rule,␣#4,␣then␣allows␣continuation␣lines␣to␣be
256s unindented␣if␣needed.)
256s
256s This␣rule␣is␣superior,␣we␣claim,␣to␣any␣rule␣requiring␣a␣fixed␣level␣of
256s indentation␣from␣the␣margin.␣␣The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣but
256s unnatural.␣It␣is␣quite␣unintuitive␣that
256s
256s ```␣markdown
256s -␣foo
256s
256s ␣␣bar
256s
256s ␣␣-␣baz
256s ```
256s
256s should␣be␣parsed␣as␣two␣lists␣with␣an␣intervening␣paragraph,
256s
256s ```␣html
256s
256s bar
256s
256s ```
256s
256s as␣the␣four-space␣rule␣demands,␣rather␣than␣a␣single␣list,
256s
256s ```␣html
256s
256s foo
256s bar
256s
256s ```
256s
256s The␣choice␣of␣four␣spaces␣is␣arbitrary.␣␣It␣can␣be␣learned,␣but␣it␣is
256s not␣likely␣to␣be␣guessed,␣and␣it␣trips␣up␣beginners␣regularly.
256s
256s Would␣it␣help␣to␣adopt␣a␣two-space␣rule?␣␣The␣problem␣is␣that␣such
256s a␣rule,␣together␣with␣the␣rule␣allowing␣1--3␣spaces␣indentation␣of␣the
256s initial␣list␣marker,␣allows␣text␣that␣is␣indented␣*less␣than*␣the
256s original␣list␣marker␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣For␣example,
256s `Markdown.pl`␣parses
256s
256s ```␣markdown
256s ␣␣␣-␣one
256s
256s ␣␣two
256s ```
256s
256s as␣a␣single␣list␣item,␣with␣`two`␣a␣continuation␣paragraph:
256s
256s ```␣html
256s
256s ```
256s
256s and␣similarly
256s
256s ```␣markdown
256s >␣␣␣-␣one
256s [93m
256s === got ====================
256s [0m
256s
256s [95m[Lists][0m
256s Test #187
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #188
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #189
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #190
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #191
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #192
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #193
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #194
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #195
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #196
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #197
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #198
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #199
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #200
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #201
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #202
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #203
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #204
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #205
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #206
256s [92mtick[0m
256s [95m[Inlines][0m
256s Test #207
256s [92mtick[0m
256s [95m[Backslash escapes][0m
256s Test #208
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #209
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #210
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #211
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #212
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #213
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #214
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #215
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #216
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #217
256s [92mtick[0m
256s Test #218
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256s 349 tests passed, 95 failed
256s runtime: 0.055979446s
256s autopkgtest [05:05:47]: test command1: -----------------------]
257s autopkgtest [05:05:48]: test command1: - - - - - - - - - - results - - - - - - - - - -
257s command1 PASS
257s autopkgtest [05:05:48]: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ summary
257s command1 PASS
269s Creating nova instance adt-noble-s390x-commonmark-bkrs-20240327-050131-juju-7f2275-prod-proposed-migration-environment-2-ce33e78e-280c-4891-bc02-61c5cf3df825 from image adt/ubuntu-noble-s390x-server-20240326.img (UUID c527e0e4-2e65-4e86-ad63-05d7f665f2fb)...