`,␣``,␣``,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
273s >␣surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
273s >␣block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
273s
273s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
273s here:
273s
273s -␣It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
273s -␣It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
273s -␣It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
273s ␣␣be␣indented.
273s
273s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
273s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
273s
273s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
273s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
273s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
273s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
273s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
273s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
273s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
273s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s *Emphasized*␣text.
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThis␣rule␣differs␣from␣John␣Gruber's␣original␣Markdown␣syntax
273s specification,␣which␣says:
273s
273s The␣only␣restrictions␣are␣that␣block-level␣HTML␣elements␣—
273s e.g.␣<div>,␣<table>,␣<pre>,␣<p>,␣etc.␣—␣must␣be␣separated␣from
273s surrounding␣content␣by␣blank␣lines,␣and␣the␣start␣and␣end␣tags␣of␣the
273s block␣should␣not␣be␣indented␣with␣tabs␣or␣spaces.
273s
273s In␣some␣ways␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣restrictive␣than␣the␣one␣given
273s here:
273s
273s - It␣requires␣that␣an␣HTML␣block␣be␣preceded␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
273s - It␣does␣not␣allow␣the␣start␣tag␣to␣be␣indented.
273s - It␣requires␣a␣matching␣end␣tag,␣which␣it␣also␣does␣not␣allow␣to
273s be␣indented.
273s
273s Indeed,␣most␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣some␣of␣Gruber's
273s own␣perl␣implementations,␣do␣not␣impose␣these␣restrictions.
273s There␣is␣one␣respect,␣however,␣in␣which␣Gruber's␣rule␣is␣more␣liberal
273s than␣the␣one␣given␣here,␣since␣it␣allows␣blank␣lines␣to␣occur␣inside
273s an␣HTML␣block.␣␣There␣are␣two␣reasons␣for␣disallowing␣them␣here.
273s First,␣it␣removes␣the␣need␣to␣parse␣balanced␣tags,␣which␣is
273s expensive␣and␣can␣require␣backtracking␣from␣the␣end␣of␣the␣document
273s if␣no␣matching␣end␣tag␣is␣found.␣Second,␣it␣provides␣a␣very␣simple
273s and␣flexible␣way␣of␣including␣Markdown␣content␣inside␣HTML␣tags:
273s simply␣separate␣the␣Markdown␣from␣the␣HTML␣using␣blank␣lines:
273s
273s Test #99
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Compare:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s *Emphasized*␣text.
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mCompare:
273s
273s Test #100
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Some␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
273s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
273s the␣attribute␣`markdown=1`.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
273s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
273s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
273s
273s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
273s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
273s *in␣most␣cases*␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
273s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s
273s |
273s Hi
273s |
273s
273s
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mSome␣Markdown␣implementations␣have␣adopted␣a␣convention␣of
273s interpreting␣content␣inside␣tags␣as␣text␣if␣the␣open␣tag␣has
273s the␣attribute␣markdown=1.␣␣The␣rule␣given␣above␣seems␣a␣simpler␣and
273s more␣elegant␣way␣of␣achieving␣the␣same␣expressive␣power,␣which␣is␣also
273s much␣simpler␣to␣parse.
273s The␣main␣potential␣drawback␣is␣that␣one␣can␣no␣longer␣paste␣HTML
273s blocks␣into␣Markdown␣documents␣with␣100%␣reliability.␣␣However,
273s in␣most␣cases␣this␣will␣work␣fine,␣because␣the␣blank␣lines␣in
273s HTML␣are␣usually␣followed␣by␣HTML␣block␣tags.␣␣For␣example:
273s
273s Test #101
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Moreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
273s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣``␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
273s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣`
`␣entities.
273s
273s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
273s
273s ##␣Link␣reference␣definitions
273s
273s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)
273s ␣consists␣of␣a␣[link
273s label](#link-label),␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
273s by␣a␣colon␣(`:`),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
273s newline),␣a␣[link␣destination](#link-destination),␣optional
273s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣[link
273s title](#link-title),␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
273s from␣the␣[link␣destination](#link-destination)␣by␣whitespace.
273s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
273s
273s A␣[link␣reference-definition](#link-reference-definition)
273s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
273s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣[reference␣links](#reference-link)
273s and␣reference-style␣[images](#image)␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
273s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
273s them.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
273s
273s [foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mMoreover,␣blank␣lines␣are␣usually␣not␣necessary␣and␣can␣be
273s deleted.␣␣The␣exception␣is␣inside␣<pre>␣tags;␣here,␣one␣can
273s replace␣the␣blank␣lines␣with␣ ␣entities.
273s So␣there␣is␣no␣important␣loss␣of␣expressive␣power␣with␣the␣new␣rule.
273s Link␣reference␣definitions
273s A␣link␣reference␣definition
273s ␣consists␣of␣a␣link
273s label,␣indented␣up␣to␣three␣spaces,␣followed
273s by␣a␣colon␣(:),␣optional␣blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one
273s newline),␣a␣link␣destination,␣optional
273s blank␣space␣(including␣up␣to␣one␣newline),␣and␣an␣optional␣link
273s title,␣which␣if␣it␣is␣present␣must␣be␣separated
273s from␣the␣link␣destination␣by␣whitespace.
273s No␣further␣non-space␣characters␣may␣occur␣on␣the␣line.
273s A␣link␣reference-definition
273s does␣not␣correspond␣to␣a␣structural␣element␣of␣a␣document.␣␣Instead,␣it
273s defines␣a␣label␣which␣can␣be␣used␣in␣reference␣links
273s and␣reference-style␣images␣elsewhere␣in␣the␣document.␣␣[Link
273s reference␣definitions]␣can␣come␣either␣before␣or␣after␣the␣links␣that␣use
273s them.
273s
273s Test #102
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣␣[foo]:␣
273s ␣␣␣␣␣␣/url␣␣
273s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣'the␣title'␣␣
273s
273s [foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #103
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url)␣'title␣(with␣parens)'
273s
273s [Foo*bar\]]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #104
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[Foo␣bar]:
273s
273s 'title'
273s
273s [Foo␣bar]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #105
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s The␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]:
273s /url
273s
273s [foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThe␣title␣may␣be␣omitted:
273s
273s Test #106
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s The␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]:
273s
273s [foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThe␣link␣destination␣may␣not␣be␣omitted:
273s
273s Test #107
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]
273s
273s [foo]:␣url
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mA␣link␣can␣come␣before␣its␣corresponding␣definition:
273s
273s Test #108
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s If␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
273s precedence:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]
273s
273s [foo]:␣first
273s [foo]:␣second
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mIf␣there␣are␣several␣matching␣definitions,␣the␣first␣one␣takes
273s precedence:
273s
273s Test #109
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s As␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
273s case-insensitive␣(see␣[matches](#matches)).
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[FOO]:␣/url
273s
273s [Foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mAs␣noted␣in␣the␣section␣on␣[Links],␣matching␣of␣labels␣is
273s case-insensitive␣(see␣matches).
273s
273s Test #110
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[ΑΓΩ]:␣/φου
273s
273s [αγω]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #111
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Here␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
273s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]:␣/url
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mHere␣is␣a␣link␣reference␣definition␣with␣no␣corresponding␣link.
273s It␣contributes␣nothing␣to␣the␣document.
273s
273s Test #112
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
273s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]:␣/url␣"title"␣ok
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣there␣are
273s non-space␣characters␣after␣the␣title:
273s
273s Test #113
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
273s four␣spaces:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣␣␣[foo]:␣/url␣"title"
273s
273s [foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣is␣indented
273s four␣spaces:
273s
273s Test #114
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s This␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
273s a␣code␣block:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m```
273s [foo]:␣/url
273s ```
273s
273s [foo]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThis␣is␣not␣a␣link␣reference␣definition,␣because␣it␣occurs␣inside
273s a␣code␣block:
273s
273s Test #115
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣[link␣reference␣definition](#link-reference-definition)␣cannot
273s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0mFoo
273s [bar]:␣/baz
273s
273s [bar]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mA␣link␣reference␣definition␣cannot
273s interrupt␣a␣paragraph.
273s
273s Test #116
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s However,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
273s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m#␣[Foo]
273s [foo]:␣/url
273s >␣bar
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mHowever,␣it␣can␣directly␣follow␣other␣block␣elements,␣such␣as␣headers
273s and␣horizontal␣rules,␣and␣it␣need␣not␣be␣followed␣by␣a␣blank␣line.
273s
273s Test #117
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Several␣[link␣references](#link-reference)␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
273s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]:␣/foo-url␣"foo"
273s [bar]:␣/bar-url
273s ␣␣"bar"
273s [baz]:␣/baz-url
273s
273s [foo],
273s [bar],
273s [baz]
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mSeveral␣link␣references␣can␣occur␣one␣after␣another,
273s without␣intervening␣blank␣lines.
273s
273s Test #118
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [Link␣reference␣definitions](#link-reference-definition)␣can␣occur
273s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
273s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
273s are␣defined:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[foo]
273s
273s >␣[foo]:␣/url
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mLink␣reference␣definitions␣can␣occur
273s inside␣block␣containers,␣like␣lists␣and␣block␣quotations.␣␣They
273s affect␣the␣entire␣document,␣not␣just␣the␣container␣in␣which␣they
273s are␣defined:
273s
273s Test #119
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s ##␣Paragraphs
273s
273s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
273s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣[paragraph](#paragraph).
273s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
273s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
273s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
273s spaces.
273s
273s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0maaa
273s
273s bbb
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mParagraphs
273s A␣sequence␣of␣non-blank␣lines␣that␣cannot␣be␣interpreted␣as␣other
273s kinds␣of␣blocks␣forms␣a␣paragraph.
273s The␣contents␣of␣the␣paragraph␣are␣the␣result␣of␣parsing␣the
273s paragraph's␣raw␣content␣as␣inlines.␣␣The␣paragraph's␣raw␣content
273s is␣formed␣by␣concatenating␣the␣lines␣and␣removing␣initial␣and␣final
273s spaces.
273s A␣simple␣example␣with␣two␣paragraphs:
273s
273s Test #120
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Paragraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0maaa
273s bbb
273s
273s ccc
273s ddd
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mParagraphs␣can␣contain␣multiple␣lines,␣but␣no␣blank␣lines:
273s
273s Test #121
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Multiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0maaa
273s
273s
273s bbb
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mMultiple␣blank␣lines␣between␣paragraph␣have␣no␣effect:
273s
273s Test #122
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Leading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣aaa
273s ␣bbb
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mLeading␣spaces␣are␣skipped:
273s
273s Test #123
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Lines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
273s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0maaa
273s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣bbb
273s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣ccc
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mLines␣after␣the␣first␣may␣be␣indented␣any␣amount,␣since␣indented
273s code␣blocks␣cannot␣interrupt␣paragraphs.
273s
273s Test #124
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s However,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
273s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣␣aaa
273s bbb
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mHowever,␣the␣first␣line␣may␣be␣indented␣at␣most␣three␣spaces,
273s or␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣be␣triggered:
273s
273s Test #125
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣␣␣aaa
273s bbb
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #126
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Final␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
273s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
273s break:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0maaa␣␣␣␣␣
273s bbb␣␣␣␣␣
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mFinal␣spaces␣are␣stripped␣before␣inline␣parsing,␣so␣a␣paragraph
273s that␣ends␣with␣two␣or␣more␣spaces␣will␣not␣end␣with␣a␣hard␣line
273s break:
273s
273s Test #127
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s ##␣Blank␣lines
273s
273s [Blank␣lines](#blank-line)␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
273s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣[list](#list)
273s is␣[tight](#tight)␣or␣[loose](#loose).
273s
273s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣
273s
273s aaa
273s ␣␣
273s
273s #␣aaa
273s
273s ␣␣
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mBlank␣lines
273s Blank␣lines␣between␣block-level␣elements␣are␣ignored,
273s except␣for␣the␣role␣they␣play␣in␣determining␣whether␣a␣list
273s is␣tight␣or␣loose.
273s Blank␣lines␣at␣the␣beginning␣and␣end␣of␣the␣document␣are␣also␣ignored.
273s
273s Test #128
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s #␣Container␣blocks
273s
273s A␣[container␣block](#container-block)␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
273s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
273s [block␣quotes](#block-quote)␣and␣[list␣items](#list-item).
273s [Lists](#list)␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣[list␣items](#list-item).
273s
273s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
273s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
273s
273s >␣If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
273s >␣transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
273s >␣with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
273s
273s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
273s how␣these␣can␣be␣*generated*␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
273s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣*parsing*
273s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
273s [A␣parsing␣strategy](#appendix-a-a-parsing-strategy).)
273s
273s ##␣Block␣quotes
273s
273s A␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣
273s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣`>`␣together
273s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣`>`␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
273s
273s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[block␣quotes](#block-quote):
273s
273s
273s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence
273s ␣␣␣␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣[block␣quote
273s ␣␣␣␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣*Ls*
273s ␣␣␣␣is␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote)␣containing␣*Bs*.
273s
273s 2.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[block
273s ␣␣␣␣quote](#block-quote)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
273s ␣␣␣␣the␣initial␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣from␣one␣or
273s ␣␣␣␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣[block
273s ␣␣␣␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣is␣[paragraph␣continuation
273s ␣␣␣␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣*Bs*␣as
273s ␣␣␣␣its␣content.␣␣
273s ␣␣␣␣[Paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣text
273s ␣␣␣␣that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
273s ␣␣␣␣not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
273s
273s 3.␣␣**Consecutiveness.**␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣[block
273s ␣␣␣␣quotes](#block-quote)␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣[blank
273s ␣␣␣␣line](#blank-line)␣between␣them.
273s
273s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣[block␣quote](#block-quote).
273s
273s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣#␣Foo
273s >␣bar
273s >␣baz
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mContainer␣blocks
273s A␣container␣block␣is␣a␣block␣that␣has␣other
273s blocks␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣There␣are␣two␣basic␣kinds␣of␣container␣blocks:
273s block␣quotes␣and␣list␣items.
273s Lists␣are␣meta-containers␣for␣list␣items.
273s We␣define␣the␣syntax␣for␣container␣blocks␣recursively.␣␣The␣general
273s form␣of␣the␣definition␣is:
273s
273s If␣X␣is␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks,␣then␣the␣result␣of
273s transforming␣X␣in␣such-and-such␣a␣way␣is␣a␣container␣of␣type␣Y
273s with␣these␣blocks␣as␣its␣content.
273s
273s So,␣we␣explain␣what␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote␣or␣list␣item␣by␣explaining
273s how␣these␣can␣be␣generated␣from␣their␣contents.␣This␣should␣suffice
273s to␣define␣the␣syntax,␣although␣it␣does␣not␣give␣a␣recipe␣for␣parsing
273s these␣constructions.␣␣(A␣recipe␣is␣provided␣below␣in␣the␣section␣entitled
273s A␣parsing␣strategy.)
273s Block␣quotes
273s A␣block␣quote␣marker␣
273s consists␣of␣0-3␣spaces␣of␣initial␣indent,␣plus␣(a)␣the␣character␣>␣together
273s with␣a␣following␣space,␣or␣(b)␣a␣single␣character␣>␣not␣followed␣by␣a␣space.
273s The␣following␣rules␣define␣block␣quotes:
273s
273s
273s Basic␣case.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣sequence
273s of␣blocks␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣appending␣a␣block␣quote
273s marker␣to␣the␣beginning␣of␣each␣line␣in␣Ls
273s is␣a␣block␣quote␣containing␣Bs.
Laziness.␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣Ls␣constitute␣a␣block
273s quote␣with␣contents␣Bs,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
273s the␣initial␣block␣quote␣marker␣from␣one␣or
273s more␣lines␣in␣which␣the␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣block
273s quote␣marker␣is␣paragraph␣continuation
273s text␣is␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣Bs␣as
273s its␣content.␣␣
273s Paragraph␣continuation␣text␣is␣text
273s that␣will␣be␣parsed␣as␣part␣of␣the␣content␣of␣a␣paragraph,␣but␣does
273s not␣occur␣at␣the␣beginning␣of␣the␣paragraph.
Consecutiveness.␣␣A␣document␣cannot␣contain␣two␣block
273s quotes␣in␣a␣row␣unless␣there␣is␣a␣blank
273s line␣between␣them.
273s Nothing␣else␣counts␣as␣a␣block␣quote.
273s Here␣is␣a␣simple␣example:
273s
273s Test #129
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>#␣Foo
273s >bar
273s >␣baz
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThe␣spaces␣after␣the␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣omitted:
273s
273s Test #130
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s The␣`>`␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
273s ␣␣␣>␣bar
273s ␣>␣baz
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThe␣>␣characters␣can␣be␣indented␣1-3␣spaces:
273s
273s Test #131
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Four␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m␣␣␣␣>␣#␣Foo
273s ␣␣␣␣>␣bar
273s ␣␣␣␣>␣baz
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mFour␣spaces␣gives␣us␣a␣code␣block:
273s
273s Test #132
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s The␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣`>`␣before␣a
273s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣#␣Foo
273s >␣bar
273s baz
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mThe␣Laziness␣clause␣allows␣us␣to␣omit␣the␣>␣before␣a
273s paragraph␣continuation␣line:
273s
273s Test #133
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
273s continuation␣lines:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣bar
273s baz
273s >␣foo
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣contain␣some␣lazy␣and␣some␣non-lazy
273s continuation␣lines:
273s
273s Test #134
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s Laziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
273s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
273s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣foo
273s ---
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mLaziness␣only␣applies␣to␣lines␣that␣are␣continuations␣of
273s paragraphs.␣Lines␣containing␣characters␣or␣indentation␣that␣indicate
273s block␣structure␣cannot␣be␣lazy.
273s
273s Test #135
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣-␣foo
273s -␣bar
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #136
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣␣␣␣␣foo
273s ␣␣␣␣bar
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #137
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m>␣```
273s foo
273s ```
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s Test #138
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m[93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mA␣block␣quote␣can␣be␣empty:
273s
273s Test #139
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s Test #140
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣block␣quote␣can␣have␣initial␣or␣final␣blank␣lines:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s Test #141
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣blank␣line␣always␣separates␣block␣quotes:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s Test #142
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s (Most␣current␣Markdown␣implementations,␣including␣John␣Gruber's
273s original␣`Markdown.pl`,␣will␣parse␣this␣example␣as␣a␣single␣block␣quote
273s with␣two␣paragraphs.␣␣But␣it␣seems␣better␣to␣allow␣the␣author␣to␣decide
273s whether␣two␣block␣quotes␣or␣one␣are␣wanted.)
273s
273s Consecutiveness␣means␣that␣if␣we␣put␣these␣block␣quotes␣together,
273s we␣get␣a␣single␣block␣quote:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s bar
273s
273s
273s Test #143
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s To␣get␣a␣block␣quote␣with␣two␣paragraphs,␣use:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s Test #144
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Block␣quotes␣can␣interrupt␣paragraphs:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s Test #145
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0mfoo
273s
273s bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s In␣general,␣blank␣lines␣are␣not␣needed␣before␣or␣after␣block
273s quotes:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mfoo
273s
273s bar
273s
273s
273s Test #146
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s aaa
273s
273s
273s
273s bbb
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s However,␣because␣of␣laziness,␣a␣blank␣line␣is␣needed␣between
273s a␣block␣quote␣and␣a␣following␣paragraph:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s aaa
273s
273s
273s
273s bbb
273s
273s
273s Test #147
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s bar
273s baz
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s bar
273s baz
273s
273s
273s Test #148
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s bar
273s
273s baz
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s bar
273s
273s baz
273s
273s Test #149
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s bar
273s
273s baz
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s It␣is␣a␣consequence␣of␣the␣Laziness␣rule␣that␣any␣number
273s of␣initial␣`>`s␣may␣be␣omitted␣on␣a␣continuation␣line␣of␣a
273s nested␣block␣quote:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s bar
273s
273s baz
273s
273s Test #150
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #151
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s foo
273s bar
273s baz
273s
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s When␣including␣an␣indented␣code␣block␣in␣a␣block␣quote,
273s remember␣that␣the␣[block␣quote␣marker](#block-quote-marker)␣includes
273s both␣the␣`>`␣and␣a␣following␣space.␣␣So␣*five␣spaces*␣are␣needed␣after
273s the␣`>`:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s foo
273s bar
273s baz
273s
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #152
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s code
273s
273s
273s
273s not␣code
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s ##␣List␣items
273s
273s A␣[list␣marker](#list-marker)␣␣is␣a
273s [bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣or␣an␣[ordered␣list
273s marker](#ordered-list-marker).
273s
273s A␣[bullet␣list␣marker](#bullet-list-marker)␣
273s is␣a␣`-`,␣`+`,␣or␣`*`␣character.
273s
273s An␣[ordered␣list␣marker](#ordered-list-marker)␣
273s is␣a␣sequence␣of␣one␣of␣more␣digits␣(`0-9`),␣followed␣by␣either␣a
273s `.`␣character␣or␣a␣`)`␣character.
273s
273s The␣following␣rules␣define␣[list␣items](#list-item):
273s
273s 1.␣␣**Basic␣case.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of
273s ␣␣␣␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣a␣non-space␣character␣and␣not␣separated
273s ␣␣␣␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list
273s ␣␣␣␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by␣0␣<␣*N*␣<␣5␣spaces,␣then␣the␣result
273s ␣␣␣␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following␣spaces␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of
273s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣N*␣spaces,␣is␣a
273s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the␣list␣item
273s ␣␣␣␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list␣marker.
273s ␣␣␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a␣start
273s ␣␣␣␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
273s
273s For␣example,␣let␣*Ls*␣be␣the␣lines
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s code
273s
273s
273s
273s not␣code
273s
273s
273s Test #153
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0mA␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s And␣let␣*M*␣be␣the␣marker␣`1.`,␣and␣*N*␣=␣2.␣␣Then␣rule␣#1␣says
273s that␣the␣following␣is␣an␣ordered␣list␣item␣with␣start␣number␣1,
273s and␣the␣same␣contents␣as␣*Ls*:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mA␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s Test #154
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s The␣most␣important␣thing␣to␣notice␣is␣that␣the␣position␣of
273s the␣text␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determines␣how␣much␣indentation
273s is␣needed␣in␣subsequent␣blocks␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣␣If␣the␣list
273s marker␣takes␣up␣two␣spaces,␣and␣there␣are␣three␣spaces␣between
273s the␣list␣marker␣and␣the␣next␣nonspace␣character,␣then␣blocks
273s must␣be␣indented␣five␣spaces␣in␣order␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
273s item.
273s
273s Here␣are␣some␣examples␣showing␣how␣far␣content␣must␣be␣indented␣to␣be
273s put␣under␣the␣list␣item:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s Test #155
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s two
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s two
273s
273s Test #156
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s Test #157
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s ␣two
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s ␣two
273s
273s
273s Test #158
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s It␣is␣tempting␣to␣think␣of␣this␣in␣terms␣of␣columns:␣␣the␣continuation
273s blocks␣must␣be␣indented␣at␣least␣to␣the␣column␣of␣the␣first␣nonspace
273s character␣after␣the␣list␣marker.␣␣However,␣that␣is␣not␣quite␣right.
273s The␣spaces␣after␣the␣list␣marker␣determine␣how␣much␣relative␣indentation
273s is␣needed.␣␣Which␣column␣this␣indentation␣reaches␣will␣depend␣on
273s how␣the␣list␣item␣is␣embedded␣in␣other␣constructions,␣as␣shown␣by
273s this␣example:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s Test #159
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s one
273s two
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Here␣`two`␣occurs␣in␣the␣same␣column␣as␣the␣list␣marker␣`1.`,
273s but␣is␣actually␣contained␣in␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣there␣is
273s sufficent␣indentation␣after␣the␣last␣containing␣blockquote␣marker.
273s
273s The␣converse␣is␣also␣possible.␣␣In␣the␣following␣example,␣the␣word␣`two`
273s occurs␣far␣to␣the␣right␣of␣the␣initial␣text␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣`one`,␣but
273s it␣is␣not␣considered␣part␣of␣the␣list␣item,␣because␣it␣is␣not␣indented
273s far␣enough␣past␣the␣blockquote␣marker:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s one
273s two
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #160
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s two
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣list␣item␣may␣not␣contain␣blocks␣that␣are␣separated␣by␣more␣than
273s one␣blank␣line.␣␣Thus,␣two␣blank␣lines␣will␣end␣a␣list,␣unless␣the
273s two␣blanks␣are␣contained␣in␣a␣[fenced␣code␣block](#fenced-code-block).
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s two
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #161
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
foo
273s bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣list␣item␣may␣contain␣any␣kind␣of␣block:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
foo
273s bar
273s
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s Test #162
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s baz
273s
273s bam
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s 2.␣␣**Item␣starting␣with␣indented␣code.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*
273s ␣␣␣␣constitute␣a␣sequence␣of␣blocks␣*Bs*␣starting␣with␣an␣indented␣code
273s ␣␣␣␣block␣and␣not␣separated␣from␣each␣other␣by␣more␣than␣one␣blank␣line,
273s ␣␣␣␣and␣*M*␣is␣a␣list␣marker␣*M*␣of␣width␣*W*␣followed␣by
273s ␣␣␣␣one␣space,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣prepending␣*M*␣and␣the␣following
273s ␣␣␣␣space␣to␣the␣first␣line␣of␣*Ls*,␣and␣indenting␣subsequent␣lines␣of
273s ␣␣␣␣*Ls*␣by␣*W␣+␣1*␣spaces,␣is␣a␣list␣item␣with␣*Bs*␣as␣its␣contents.
273s ␣␣␣␣If␣a␣line␣is␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.␣␣The␣type␣of␣the
273s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣(bullet␣or␣ordered)␣is␣determined␣by␣the␣type␣of␣its␣list
273s ␣␣␣␣marker.␣␣If␣the␣list␣item␣is␣ordered,␣then␣it␣is␣also␣assigned␣a
273s ␣␣␣␣start␣number,␣based␣on␣the␣ordered␣list␣marker.
273s
273s An␣indented␣code␣block␣will␣have␣to␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces␣beyond
273s the␣edge␣of␣the␣region␣where␣text␣will␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
273s In␣the␣following␣case␣that␣is␣6␣spaces:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s baz
273s
273s bam
273s
273s
273s Test #163
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s And␣in␣this␣case␣it␣is␣11␣spaces:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s Test #164
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s If␣the␣*first*␣block␣in␣the␣list␣item␣is␣an␣indented␣code␣block,
273s then␣by␣rule␣#2,␣the␣contents␣must␣be␣indented␣*one*␣space␣after␣the
273s list␣marker:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #165
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0mindented␣code
273s
273s paragraph
273s more␣code
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mindented␣code
273s
273s paragraph
273s more␣code
273s
273s
273s Test #166
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s indented␣code
273s
273s paragraph
273s more␣code
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Note␣that␣an␣additional␣space␣indent␣is␣interpreted␣as␣space
273s inside␣the␣code␣block:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s indented␣code
273s
273s paragraph
273s more␣code
273s
273s
273s Test #167
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s ␣indented␣code
273s
273s paragraph
273s more␣code
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Note␣that␣rules␣#1␣and␣#2␣only␣apply␣to␣two␣cases:␣␣(a)␣cases
273s in␣which␣the␣lines␣to␣be␣included␣in␣a␣list␣item␣begin␣with␣a␣nonspace
273s character,␣and␣(b)␣cases␣in␣which␣they␣begin␣with␣an␣indented␣code
273s block.␣␣In␣a␣case␣like␣the␣following,␣where␣the␣first␣block␣begins␣with
273s a␣three-space␣indent,␣the␣rules␣do␣not␣allow␣us␣to␣form␣a␣list␣item␣by
273s indenting␣the␣whole␣thing␣and␣prepending␣a␣list␣marker:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s ␣indented␣code
273s
273s paragraph
273s more␣code
273s
273s
273s Test #168
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0mfoo
273s bar
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0mfoo
273s bar
273s
273s Test #169
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s bar
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s This␣is␣not␣a␣significant␣restriction,␣because␣when␣a␣block␣begins
273s with␣1-3␣spaces␣indent,␣the␣indentation␣can␣always␣be␣removed␣without
273s a␣change␣in␣interpretation,␣allowing␣rule␣#1␣to␣be␣applied.␣␣So,␣in
273s the␣above␣case:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s bar
273s
273s Test #170
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s 3.␣␣**Indentation.**␣␣If␣a␣sequence␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitutes␣a␣list␣item
273s ␣␣␣␣according␣to␣rule␣#1␣or␣#2,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣indenting␣each␣line
273s ␣␣␣␣of␣*L*␣by␣1-3␣spaces␣(the␣same␣for␣each␣line)␣also␣constitutes␣a
273s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.␣␣If␣a␣line␣is
273s ␣␣␣␣empty,␣then␣it␣need␣not␣be␣indented.
273s
273s Indented␣one␣space:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s Test #171
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Indented␣two␣spaces:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s Test #172
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Indented␣three␣spaces:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s Test #173
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Four␣spaces␣indent␣gives␣a␣code␣block:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s Test #174
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
273s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
273s
273s ␣␣␣␣␣␣␣␣indented␣code
273s
273s ␣␣␣␣>␣A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s 4.␣␣**Laziness.**␣␣If␣a␣string␣of␣lines␣*Ls*␣constitute␣a␣[list
273s ␣␣␣␣item](#list-item)␣with␣contents␣*Bs*,␣then␣the␣result␣of␣deleting
273s ␣␣␣␣some␣or␣all␣of␣the␣indentation␣from␣one␣or␣more␣lines␣in␣which␣the
273s ␣␣␣␣next␣non-space␣character␣after␣the␣indentation␣is
273s ␣␣␣␣[paragraph␣continuation␣text](#paragraph-continuation-text)␣is␣a
273s ␣␣␣␣list␣item␣with␣the␣same␣contents␣and␣attributes.
273s
273s Here␣is␣an␣example␣with␣lazy␣continuation␣lines:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m1.␣␣A␣paragraph
273s ␣␣␣␣with␣two␣lines.
273s ␣␣␣␣indented␣code
273s
273s >␣A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #175
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Indentation␣can␣be␣partially␣deleted:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s indented␣code
273s
273s
273s A␣block␣quote.
273s
273s
273s Test #176
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s - A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s These␣examples␣show␣how␣laziness␣can␣work␣in␣nested␣structures:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s - A␣paragraph
273s with␣two␣lines.
273s
273s
273s Test #177
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s Blockquote
273s continued␣here.
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s Blockquote
273s continued␣here.
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #178
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s Blockquote
273s continued␣here.
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s 5.␣␣**That's␣all.**␣Nothing␣that␣is␣not␣counted␣as␣a␣list␣item␣by␣rules
273s ␣␣␣␣#1--4␣counts␣as␣a␣[list␣item](#list-item).
273s
273s The␣rules␣for␣sublists␣follow␣from␣the␣general␣rules␣above.␣␣A␣sublist
273s must␣be␣indented␣the␣same␣number␣of␣spaces␣a␣paragraph␣would␣need␣to␣be
273s in␣order␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.
273s
273s So,␣in␣this␣case␣we␣need␣two␣spaces␣indent:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s Blockquote
273s continued␣here.
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #179
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s One␣is␣not␣enough:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s Test #180
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s - foo
273s - bar
273s - baz
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Here␣we␣need␣four,␣because␣the␣list␣marker␣is␣wider:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s - foo
273s - bar
273s - baz
273s
273s
273s Test #181
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s Three␣is␣not␣enough:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #182
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣list␣may␣be␣the␣first␣block␣in␣a␣list␣item:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s foo
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #183
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s Test #184
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s A␣list␣item␣may␣be␣empty:
273s
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s
273s
273s
273s Test #185
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s - foo
273s
273s - bar
273s
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s - foo
273s
273s - bar
273s
273s
273s Test #186
273s [91mcross[0m
273s [93m=== markdown ===============
273s [0m
273s [93m
273s === expected ===============
273s [0m
273s ###␣Motivation
273s
273s John␣Gruber's␣Markdown␣spec␣says␣the␣following␣about␣list␣items:
273s
273s 1.␣"List␣markers␣typically␣start␣at␣the␣left␣margin,␣but␣may␣be␣indented
273s ␣␣␣by␣up␣to␣three␣spaces.␣List␣markers␣must␣be␣followed␣by␣one␣or␣more
273s ␣␣␣spaces␣or␣a␣tab."
273s
273s 2.␣"To␣make␣lists␣look␣nice,␣you␣can␣wrap␣items␣with␣hanging␣indents....
273s ␣␣␣But␣if␣you␣don't␣want␣to,␣you␣don't␣have␣to."
273s
273s 3.␣"List␣items␣may␣consist␣of␣multiple␣paragraphs.␣Each␣subsequent
273s ␣␣␣paragraph␣in␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented␣by␣either␣4␣spaces␣or␣one
273s ␣␣␣tab."
273s
273s 4.␣"It␣looks␣nice␣if␣you␣indent␣every␣line␣of␣the␣subsequent␣paragraphs,
273s ␣␣␣but␣here␣again,␣Markdown␣will␣allow␣you␣to␣be␣lazy."
273s
273s 5.␣"To␣put␣a␣blockquote␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣blockquote's␣`>`
273s ␣␣␣delimiters␣need␣to␣be␣indented."
273s
273s 6.␣"To␣put␣a␣code␣block␣within␣a␣list␣item,␣the␣code␣block␣needs␣to␣be
273s ␣␣␣indented␣twice␣—␣8␣spaces␣or␣two␣tabs."
273s
273s These␣rules␣specify␣that␣a␣paragraph␣under␣a␣list␣item␣must␣be␣indented
273s four␣spaces␣(presumably,␣from␣the␣left␣margin,␣rather␣than␣the␣start␣of
273s the␣list␣marker,␣but␣this␣is␣not␣said),␣and␣that␣code␣under␣a␣list␣item
273s must␣be␣indented␣eight␣spaces␣instead␣of␣the␣usual␣four.␣␣They␣also␣say
273s that␣a␣block␣quote␣must␣be␣indented,␣but␣not␣by␣how␣much;␣however,␣the
273s example␣given␣has␣four␣spaces␣indentation.␣␣Although␣nothing␣is␣said
273s about␣other␣kinds␣of␣block-level␣content,␣it␣is␣certainly␣reasonable␣to
273s infer␣that␣*all*␣block␣elements␣under␣a␣list␣item,␣including␣other
273s lists,␣must␣be␣indented␣four␣spaces.␣␣This␣principle␣has␣been␣called␣the
273s *four-space␣rule*.
273s
273s The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣and␣principled,␣and␣if␣the␣reference
273s implementation␣`Markdown.pl`␣had␣followed␣it,␣it␣probably␣would␣have
273s become␣the␣standard.␣␣However,␣`Markdown.pl`␣allowed␣paragraphs␣and
273s sublists␣to␣start␣with␣only␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣at␣least␣on␣the
273s outer␣level.␣␣Worse,␣its␣behavior␣was␣inconsistent:␣a␣sublist␣of␣an
273s outer-level␣list␣needed␣two␣spaces␣indentation,␣but␣a␣sublist␣of␣this
273s sublist␣needed␣three␣spaces.␣␣It␣is␣not␣surprising,␣then,␣that␣different
273s implementations␣of␣Markdown␣have␣developed␣very␣different␣rules␣for
273s determining␣what␣comes␣under␣a␣list␣item.␣␣(Pandoc␣and␣python-Markdown,
273s for␣example,␣stuck␣with␣Gruber's␣syntax␣description␣and␣the␣four-space
273s rule,␣while␣discount,␣redcarpet,␣marked,␣PHP␣Markdown,␣and␣others
273s followed␣`Markdown.pl`'s␣behavior␣more␣closely.)
273s
273s Unfortunately,␣given␣the␣divergences␣between␣implementations,␣there
273s is␣no␣way␣to␣give␣a␣spec␣for␣list␣items␣that␣will␣be␣guaranteed␣not
273s to␣break␣any␣existing␣documents.␣␣However,␣the␣spec␣given␣here␣should
273s correctly␣handle␣lists␣formatted␣with␣either␣the␣four-space␣rule␣or
273s the␣more␣forgiving␣`Markdown.pl`␣behavior,␣provided␣they␣are␣laid␣out
273s in␣a␣way␣that␣is␣natural␣for␣a␣human␣to␣read.
273s
273s The␣strategy␣here␣is␣to␣let␣the␣width␣and␣indentation␣of␣the␣list␣marker
273s determine␣the␣indentation␣necessary␣for␣blocks␣to␣fall␣under␣the␣list
273s item,␣rather␣than␣having␣a␣fixed␣and␣arbitrary␣number.␣␣The␣writer␣can
273s think␣of␣the␣body␣of␣the␣list␣item␣as␣a␣unit␣which␣gets␣indented␣to␣the
273s right␣enough␣to␣fit␣the␣list␣marker␣(and␣any␣indentation␣on␣the␣list
273s marker).␣␣(The␣laziness␣rule,␣#4,␣then␣allows␣continuation␣lines␣to␣be
273s unindented␣if␣needed.)
273s
273s This␣rule␣is␣superior,␣we␣claim,␣to␣any␣rule␣requiring␣a␣fixed␣level␣of
273s indentation␣from␣the␣margin.␣␣The␣four-space␣rule␣is␣clear␣but
273s unnatural.␣It␣is␣quite␣unintuitive␣that
273s
273s ```␣markdown
273s -␣foo
273s
273s ␣␣bar
273s
273s ␣␣-␣baz
273s ```
273s
273s should␣be␣parsed␣as␣two␣lists␣with␣an␣intervening␣paragraph,
273s
273s ```␣html
273s
273s bar
273s
273s ```
273s
273s as␣the␣four-space␣rule␣demands,␣rather␣than␣a␣single␣list,
273s
273s ```␣html
273s
273s foo
273s bar
273s
273s ```
273s
273s The␣choice␣of␣four␣spaces␣is␣arbitrary.␣␣It␣can␣be␣learned,␣but␣it␣is
273s not␣likely␣to␣be␣guessed,␣and␣it␣trips␣up␣beginners␣regularly.
273s
273s Would␣it␣help␣to␣adopt␣a␣two-space␣rule?␣␣The␣problem␣is␣that␣such
273s a␣rule,␣together␣with␣the␣rule␣allowing␣1--3␣spaces␣indentation␣of␣the
273s initial␣list␣marker,␣allows␣text␣that␣is␣indented␣*less␣than*␣the
273s original␣list␣marker␣to␣be␣included␣in␣the␣list␣item.␣For␣example,
273s `Markdown.pl`␣parses
273s
273s ```␣markdown
273s ␣␣␣-␣one
273s
273s ␣␣two
273s ```
273s
273s as␣a␣single␣list␣item,␣with␣`two`␣a␣continuation␣paragraph:
273s
273s ```␣html
273s
273s ```
273s
273s and␣similarly
273s
273s ```␣markdown
273s >␣␣␣-␣one
273s [93m
273s === got ====================
273s [0m
273s
273s [95m[Lists][0m
273s Test #187
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #188
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #189
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #190
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #191
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #192
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #193
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #194
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #195
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #196
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #197
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #198
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #199
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #200
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #201
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #202
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #203
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #204
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #205
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #206
273s [92mtick[0m
273s [95m[Inlines][0m
273s Test #207
273s [92mtick[0m
273s [95m[Backslash escapes][0m
273s Test #208
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #209
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #210
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #211
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #212
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #213
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #214
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #215
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #216
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #217
273s [92mtick[0m
273s Test #218
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273s 349 tests passed, 95 failed
273s runtime: 0.053438159999999985s
273s autopkgtest [09:01:41]: test command1: -----------------------]
277s autopkgtest [09:01:45]: test command1: - - - - - - - - - - results - - - - - - - - - -
277s command1 PASS
281s autopkgtest [09:01:49]: @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ summary
281s command1 PASS